Biology In Human Welfare- Microbes In Human Welfare

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-microbes-as-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Microbes As Biofertilisers </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Microbes play a crucial role in human welfare through various applications.</li>
<li>One such application is the use of microbes as biofertilisers.</li>
<li>Biofertilisers are substances that contain living microorganisms and contribute to plant growth.</li>
<li>In this lecture, we will discuss the significance of microbes as biofertilisers and their impact on agriculture.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Microbes As Biofertilisers </span> $\rightarrow$ Types of Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-types-of-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Types of Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Nitrogen-fixing Biofertilisers</strong>:
<ul>
<li>These biofertilisers contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Rhizobium forms association with leguminous plants and fixes atmospheric nitrogen.</li>
<li>Equation: N2 + 8H+ + 8e- + 16 ATP → 2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Phosphate-solubilising Biofertilisers</strong>:
<ul>
<li>These biofertilisers contain microorganisms capable of solubilizing phosphate from insoluble compounds.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Bacillus megaterium secretes organic acids that solubilize phosphates.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Microbes As Biofertilisers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types of Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-types-of-biofertilisers-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Types of Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Potash-mobilising Biofertilisers</strong>:
<ul>
<li>These biofertilisers contain microorganisms that mobilize potassium for plants.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus solubilizes potassium from minerals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Biofertilisers for Disease Suppression</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Some biofertilisers contain microorganisms that can suppress plant diseases.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Trichoderma spp. can inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Growth-promoting Biofertilisers</strong>:
<ul>
<li>These biofertilisers contain microorganisms that produce growth-promoting substances.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Azospirillum spp. produces plant growth hormones like auxins.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Microbes As Biofertilisers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types of Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-3"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-using-microbes-as-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Cost-effective</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers are relatively cheaper compared to chemical fertilisers.</li>
<li>They can be produced at a low cost, reducing the expenses for farmers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Environmentally friendly</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers do not cause pollution or harm to the environment.</li>
<li>They do not release harmful chemicals into the soil or water bodies.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Enhanced soil fertility</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Microbes in biofertilisers help improve the overall fertility of the soil.</li>
<li>They enhance nutrient availability, leading to increased crop productivity.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Microbes As Biofertilisers $\rightarrow$ Types of Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-using-microbes-as-biofertilisers-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Sustainable agriculture</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers promote sustainable agriculture practices.</li>
<li>They reduce the dependency on chemical fertilisers, which can have adverse effects.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Beneficial microbial interactions</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers promote beneficial interactions between plants and microbes.</li>
<li>These interactions contribute to the overall health of the plant and help in disease prevention.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Microbes As Biofertilisers $\rightarrow$ Types of Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-limitations-of-using-microbes-as-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Specificity</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Different microbes have specific functions, limiting their use to specific crops.</li>
<li>For example, Rhizobium biofertilisers are suitable for leguminous plants only.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Variability</strong>:
<ul>
<li>The effectiveness of biofertilisers may vary depending on environmental conditions.</li>
<li>Factors like temperature, pH, and soil type can affect their performance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Slow action</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers may take some time to show their impact on plant growth.</li>
<li>They require time for the microbes to establish and provide benefits to the plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Competitiveness</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers need to compete with natural soil microorganisms for nutrients and space.</li>
<li>The success of biofertilisers depends on their ability to outcompete other microbes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Types of Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-application-techniques-for-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Seed treatment</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers can be applied to seeds before sowing.</li>
<li>It ensures direct contact of microbes with the developing seedling.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Root dipping</strong>:
<ul>
<li>The roots of seedlings can be dipped in biofertiliser suspension before transplantation.</li>
<li>This method ensures the transfer of beneficial microbes to the new planting site.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Soil application</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers can be applied directly to the soil.</li>
<li>It allows the microbes to colonize and establish in the rhizosphere.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-application-techniques-for-biofertilisers-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Foliar spraying</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertiliser suspension can be sprayed on plant leaves.</li>
<li>This method provides a direct supply of nutrients to the plants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Compost application</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Biofertilisers can be added to compost piles to enhance the microbial diversity.</li>
<li>It helps in the decomposition process and nutrient release from organic matter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-advantages-of-using-microbes-as-biofertilisers-primary-2"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Cost-effective</strong>: Biofertilisers are relatively cheaper compared to chemical fertilisers.</li>
<li><strong>Environmentally friendly</strong>: They do not cause pollution or harm to the environment.</li>
<li><strong>Enhanced soil fertility</strong>: Microbes in biofertilisers help improve soil fertility.</li>
<li><strong>Sustainable agriculture</strong>: They promote sustainable agriculture practices.</li>
<li><strong>Beneficial microbial interactions</strong>: Biofertilisers promote beneficial interactions between plants and microbes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-limitations-of-using-microbes-as-biofertilisers-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Specificity</strong>: Different microbes have specific functions, limiting their use to specific crops.</li>
<li><strong>Variability</strong>: The effectiveness of biofertilisers may vary depending on environmental conditions.</li>
<li><strong>Slow action</strong>: Biofertilisers may take some time to show their impact on plant growth.</li>
<li><strong>Competitiveness</strong>: They need to compete with other soil microorganisms for nutrients and space.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Examples of Nitrogen-fixing Biofertilisers: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-application-techniques-for-biofertilisers-primary-2"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Seed treatment</strong>: Biofertilisers can be applied to seeds before sowing.</li>
<li><strong>Root dipping</strong>: The roots of seedlings can be dipped in biofertiliser suspension before transplantation.</li>
<li><strong>Soil application</strong>: Biofertilisers can be applied directly to the soil.</li>
<li><strong>Foliar spraying</strong>: Biofertiliser suspension can be sprayed on plant leaves.</li>
<li><strong>Compost application</strong>: Biofertilisers can be added to compost piles to enhance microbial diversity.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Advantages of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Nitrogen-fixing Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Examples of Phosphate-solubilising Biofertilisers: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-nitrogen-fixing-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Nitrogen-fixing Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Rhizobium</strong>: Forms association with leguminous plants (e.g., peas, beans) and fixes atmospheric nitrogen.</li>
<li><strong>Azotobacter</strong>: Fixes nitrogen non-symbiotically and can be used for non-leguminous crops.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Limitations of Using Microbes as Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Nitrogen-fixing Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Phosphate-solubilising Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Examples of Potash-mobilising Biofertilisers: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-phosphate-solubilising-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Phosphate-solubilising Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Bacillus megaterium</strong>: Secretes organic acids that solubilize phosphates from insoluble compounds.</li>
<li><strong>Pseudomonas fluorescens</strong>: Has the capability to solubilize and mineralize phosphates.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Application Techniques for Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Examples of Nitrogen-fixing Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Phosphate-solubilising Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Potash-mobilising Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Examples of Biofertilisers for Disease Suppression: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-biofertilisers-for-disease-suppression-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Biofertilisers for Disease Suppression: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Trichoderma spp.</strong>: Inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi by producing antifungal compounds.</li>
<li><strong>Bacillus subtilis</strong>: Produces antibiotics that suppress the growth of certain plant pathogens.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of Phosphate-solubilising Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Examples of Potash-mobilising Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Biofertilisers for Disease Suppression: </span> $\rightarrow$ Examples of Growth-promoting Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ How to Apply Biofertilisers - Seed Treatment: </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-microbes-in-human-welfare-microbes-as-biofertilisers-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Microbes In Human Welfare Microbes As Biofertilisers </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-examples-of-growth-promoting-biofertilisers-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Examples of Growth-promoting Biofertilisers: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Azospirillum spp.</strong>: Produces plant growth hormones like auxins, promoting root growth.</li>
<li><strong>Pseudomonas putida</strong>: Enhances plant growth by producing plant growth-promoting substances.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of Potash-mobilising Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ Examples of Biofertilisers for Disease Suppression: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Examples of Growth-promoting Biofertilisers: </span> $\rightarrow$ How to Apply Biofertilisers - Seed Treatment: $\rightarrow$ How to Apply Biofertilisers - Root Dipping: </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-how-to-apply-biofertilisers---root-dipping-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> How to Apply Biofertilisers - Root Dipping: </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Prepare biofertiliser suspension.</li>
<li>Dip the roots of seedlings into the suspension before transplantation.</li>
<li>Allow the roots to be in contact with the microbial solution for a specific time.</li>
<li>Plant the seedlings in the desired location.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Examples of Growth-promoting Biofertilisers: $\rightarrow$ How to Apply Biofertilisers - Seed Treatment: $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> How to Apply Biofertilisers - Root Dipping: </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>