Biology In Human Welfare- Microbes In Human Welfare

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-metabolic-pathway-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Metabolic Pathway </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Microbes play a significant role in human welfare.</li>
<li>One such important contribution is their involvement in various metabolic pathways.</li>
<li>Metabolic pathways are a series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell.</li>
<li>These reactions are responsible for the conversion of one substance into another.</li>
<li>Let’s explore some of the metabolic pathways involving microbes.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Metabolic Pathway </span> $\rightarrow$ Glycolysis $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Glycolysis </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-electron-transport-chain-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Electron Transport Chain </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.</li>
<li>It is an essential process in oxidative phosphorylation.</li>
<li>It uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.</li>
<li>It requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor.</li>
<li>It generates a proton gradient across the membrane.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Krebs Cycle $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Krebs Cycle $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electron Transport Chain </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Electron Transport Chain $\rightarrow$ Photosynthesis </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-photosynthesis-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Photosynthesis </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.</li>
<li>It occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and algae.</li>
<li>Photosynthesis is a vital metabolic pathway that sustains life on Earth.</li>
<li>It produces glucose, oxygen, and ATP.</li>
<li><strong>It has two stages</strong>: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Electron Transport Chain $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Electron Transport Chain $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Photosynthesis </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Photosynthesis $\rightarrow$ Fermentation </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nitrogen-fixation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nitrogen Fixation </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form by living organisms.</li>
<li>It is performed by certain bacteria known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria.</li>
<li>These bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which can be used by plants.</li>
<li>Nitrogen fixation is essential for the nitrogen cycle and plant growth.</li>
<li>It is crucial for maintaining the balance of nitrogen in ecosystems.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Fermentation $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Fermentation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nitrogen Fixation </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Nitrogen Fixation $\rightarrow$ Ammonification </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ammonification-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ammonification </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Ammonification is the process of converting organic nitrogen compounds into ammonia.</li>
<li>It occurs during the decomposition of dead plants and animals by bacteria and fungi.</li>
<li>Ammonification releases ammonia into the soil.</li>
<li>Ammonia can then be used by plants in the process of nitrogen assimilation.</li>
<li>It is an important step in the nitrogen cycle.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nitrogen Fixation $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Nitrogen Fixation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ammonification </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Ammonification $\rightarrow$ Denitrification </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-denitrification-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Denitrification </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Denitrification is the process of converting nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen.</li>
<li>It is performed by certain bacteria, known as denitrifying bacteria.</li>
<li>These bacteria use nitrates as a source of oxygen, releasing nitrogen gas.</li>
<li>Denitrification is a crucial step in the nitrogen cycle, preventing nitrogen buildup.</li>
<li>It occurs in anaerobic conditions.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ammonification $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Ammonification $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Denitrification </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Denitrification $\rightarrow$ Biogeochemical Cycles </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biogeochemical-cycles-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biogeochemical Cycles </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Biogeochemical cycles are pathways by which elements and compounds are cycled through the environment.</li>
<li>These cycles involve biological, geological, and chemical processes.</li>
<li>Important biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.</li>
<li>Microbes play a significant role in these cycles, driving various metabolic pathways.</li>
<li>Understanding these cycles is crucial for the study of ecosystems and environmental science.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Denitrification $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Denitrification $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biogeochemical Cycles </span> $\rightarrow$ Example of Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ Aerobic Respiration </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-aerobic-respiration-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Aerobic Respiration </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Aerobic respiration is the process that converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.</li>
<li>It is the most efficient way of generating energy in living organisms.</li>
<li>Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.</li>
<li><strong>It consists of three stages</strong>: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.</li>
<li>This metabolic pathway is used by eukaryotic organisms.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ Example of Biogeochemical Cycles $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Aerobic Respiration </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Aerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ Anaerobic Respiration </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-anaerobic-respiration-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Anaerobic Respiration </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Anaerobic respiration is the process that converts glucose into energy without using oxygen.</li>
<li>It occurs in the cytoplasm and is less efficient compared to aerobic respiration.</li>
<li>Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid or ethanol and CO2.</li>
<li>This metabolic pathway is utilized by microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast.</li>
<li>It is essential in environments where oxygen is scarce.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Aerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Aerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Anaerobic Respiration </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Anaerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ Lipid Metabolism </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-and-equation-of-anaerobic-respiration-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example and Equation of Anaerobic Respiration </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Bacteria in the human digestive tract carry out anaerobic respiration.</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Lactic Acid Fermentation)</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Glucose -> 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Ethanol Fermentation)</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Glucose -> 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example and Equation of Aerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ Anaerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example and Equation of Anaerobic Respiration </span> $\rightarrow$ Lipid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipid-metabolism-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipid Metabolism </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Lipid metabolism refers to the breakdown and synthesis of lipids in the body.</li>
<li>It involves various metabolic pathways, including lipolysis and lipogenesis.</li>
<li>Lipolysis breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for energy production.</li>
<li>Lipogenesis involves the synthesis of triglycerides from excess glucose or fatty acids.</li>
<li>Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in energy storage and hormone regulation.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Anaerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Anaerobic Respiration $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipid Metabolism </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation, Ketogenesis) </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-lipid-metabolism-beta-oxidation-ketogenesis-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation, Ketogenesis) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Beta-oxidation</strong>: The process by which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA molecules.</li>
<li><strong>Ketogenesis</strong>: The synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA.</li>
<li><strong>Lipogenesis</strong>: The conversion of excess glucose or fatty acids into triglycerides.</li>
<li><strong>Lipid Transport</strong>: The movement of lipids in the bloodstream via lipoproteins.</li>
<li><strong>Lipid Digestion</strong>: The breakdown of dietary triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation, Ketogenesis) </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation) $\rightarrow$ Amino Acid Metabolism </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-and-equation-of-lipid-metabolism-beta-oxidation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Lipid metabolism is vital for maintaining energy balance in the body.</li>
<li>Equation (Beta-oxidation)
<ul>
<li>Fatty Acid + CoA + NAD+ + FAD -> Acetyl-CoA + NADH + FADH2</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Ketogenesis)</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Acetyl-CoA -> Ketone Bodies</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation, Ketogenesis) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation) </span> $\rightarrow$ Amino Acid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Amino Acid Metabolism </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-amino-acid-metabolism-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Amino Acid Metabolism </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Amino acid metabolism involves the breakdown, synthesis, and interconversion of amino acids.</li>
<li>It includes processes such as transamination, deamination, and urea cycle.</li>
<li>Transamination transfers an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid.</li>
<li>Deamination removes the amino group from an amino acid.</li>
<li>The urea cycle converts ammonia into urea, which is excreted by the kidneys.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation, Ketogenesis) $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Amino Acid Metabolism </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Amino Acid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Nucleotide Metabolism </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-and-equation-of-amino-acid-metabolism-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example and Equation of Amino Acid Metabolism </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Amino acid metabolism is essential for protein synthesis and energy production.</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Transamination)</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Amino Acid 1 + Keto Acid -> Amino Acid 2 + Keto Acid 2</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Deamination)</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Amino Acid -> Keto Acid + Ammonia</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Urea Cycle)</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Ammonia + CO2 + Aspartate + ATP -> Urea + Fumarate + ADP + Pi</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example and Equation of Lipid Metabolism (Beta-oxidation) $\rightarrow$ Amino Acid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example and Equation of Amino Acid Metabolism </span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleotide Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Nucleotide Metabolism </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-nucleotide-metabolism-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Nucleotide Metabolism </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Nucleotide metabolism involves the synthesis and degradation of nucleotides.</li>
<li>Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.</li>
<li>The synthesis of nucleotides occurs through de novo synthesis or salvage pathways.</li>
<li>Purine and pyrimidine metabolism are important components of nucleotide metabolism.</li>
<li>Nucleotide degradation occurs through processes such as nucleotide phosphorylase and nucleotidases.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Amino Acid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Amino Acid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nucleotide Metabolism </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Nucleotide Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Metabolic Disorders </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-and-equation-of-nucleotide-metabolism-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example and Equation of Nucleotide Metabolism </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Nucleotide metabolism is crucial for cell growth, DNA replication, and protein synthesis.</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Purine Synthesis)</strong>:
PRPP + Gln + Gly + ATP -> IMP</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Pyrimidine Synthesis)</strong>:
Gln + Asp + HCO3- + ATP -> UMP + Pi</li>
<li><strong>Equation (Nucleotide Degradation)</strong>:
Nucleotide -> Nucleoside + Pinorganic + Base</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example and Equation of Amino Acid Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Nucleotide Metabolism $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example and Equation of Nucleotide Metabolism </span> $\rightarrow$ Metabolic Disorders $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Metabolic Disorders </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-metabolic-disorders-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Metabolic Disorders </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Metabolic disorders are genetic disorders that affect various metabolic pathways.</li>
<li>Examples include phenylketonuria, galactosemia, and maple syrup urine disease.</li>
<li>These disorders result in the accumulation of toxic substances in the body.</li>
<li>Diagnosis of metabolic disorders often involves genetic testing and metabolic screening.</li>
<li>Treatment may involve dietary restrictions, enzyme replacement therapy, or gene therapy.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nucleotide Metabolism $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Nucleotide Metabolism $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Metabolic Disorders </span> $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Metabolic Disorders $\rightarrow$ Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biotechnology-and-metabolic-engineering-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Biotechnology utilizes microbial metabolic pathways for various applications.</li>
<li>Metabolic engineering involves modifying an organism’s metabolic pathways for specific purposes.</li>
<li>Examples include the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals.</li>
<li>Genetic engineering techniques are used to manipulate microbial metabolism.</li>
<li>Advancements in biotechnology have led to significant breakthroughs in various industries.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Genetic modification of bacteria to produce insulin for treating diabetes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Metabolic Disorders $\rightarrow$ Example and Equation of Metabolic Disorders $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of Microbial Metabolic Pathways $\rightarrow$ Conclusion </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-applications-of-microbial-metabolic-pathways-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Applications of Microbial Metabolic Pathways </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Microbes play a crucial role in the production of various compounds through metabolic pathways.</li>
<li>Examples include the production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and biofuels.</li>
<li>Metabolic engineering allows for the optimization of microbial production processes.</li>
<li>These applications have immense economic and industrial value.</li>
<li>They contribute to the fields of medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and energy production.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Streptomyces bacteria are used to produce antibiotics like penicillin.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example and Equation of Metabolic Disorders $\rightarrow$ Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Applications of Microbial Metabolic Pathways </span> $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Key Takeaways </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-conclusion-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Conclusion </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Microbes play a vital role in various metabolic pathways that impact human welfare.</li>
<li>Understanding these pathways helps us appreciate their contributions to our lives.</li>
<li>Metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and photosynthesis are fundamental to life.</li>
<li>Aerobic and anaerobic respiration provide energy for cellular processes.</li>
<li>Nucleotide, lipid, amino acid metabolism, and other pathways are essential for cellular functions.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering $\rightarrow$ Applications of Microbial Metabolic Pathways $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conclusion </span> $\rightarrow$ Key Takeaways $\rightarrow$  </footer>