Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health And Disease

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biology-in-human-welfare---human-health-and-disease---structure-of-hiv-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biology in Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Structure of HIV </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to Human Health and Disease
<ul>
<li>Definition of health and disease</li>
<li>Factors affecting human health</li>
<li>Importance of studying human diseases</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Infectious diseases
<ul>
<li>Definition and examples</li>
<li>Modes of transmission</li>
<li>Defense mechanisms against pathogens</li>
<li>Common symptoms of infectious diseases</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biology in Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Structure of HIV </span> $\rightarrow$ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) $\rightarrow$ Transmission of HIV </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to HIV</li>
<li>Structure of HIV
<ul>
<li>Envelope</li>
<li>Glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41)</li>
<li>Core (capsid and RNA)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Life cycle of HIV
<ul>
<li>Attachment and entry</li>
<li>Reverse transcription</li>
<li>Integration and latency</li>
<li>Replication and assembly</li>
<li>Budding and maturation</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Biology in Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Structure of HIV $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) </span> $\rightarrow$ Transmission of HIV $\rightarrow$ HIV and the immune system </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-transmission-of-hiv-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Transmission of HIV </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Routes of transmission
<ul>
<li>Sexual contact</li>
<li>Sharing contaminated needles</li>
<li>Mother-to-child transmission</li>
<li>Blood transfusion or organ transplantation</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Factors affecting HIV transmission
<ul>
<li>Viral load</li>
<li>Co-infections</li>
<li>Prevention strategies</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biology in Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Structure of HIV $\rightarrow$ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Transmission of HIV </span> $\rightarrow$ HIV and the immune system $\rightarrow$ Symptoms of HIV infection </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-symptoms-of-hiv-infection-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Symptoms of HIV infection </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Initial stage
<ul>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Fatigue</li>
<li>Swollen lymph nodes</li>
<li>Sore throat</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Clinical latency
<ul>
<li>No visible symptoms</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Progression to AIDS
<ul>
<li>Weight loss</li>
<li>Chronic diarrhea</li>
<li>Recurrent infections</li>
<li>Night sweats</li>
<li>Neurological symptoms</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Transmission of HIV $\rightarrow$ HIV and the immune system $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Symptoms of HIV infection </span> $\rightarrow$ Diagnosis of HIV $\rightarrow$ Treatment of HIV </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-treatment-of-hiv-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Treatment of HIV </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
<ul>
<li>Combination therapy</li>
<li>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)</li>
<li>Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)</li>
<li>Protease inhibitors (PIs)</li>
<li>Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Challenges in HIV treatment
<ul>
<li>Drug resistance</li>
<li>Adherence to medication</li>
<li>Side effects of ART</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Symptoms of HIV infection $\rightarrow$ Diagnosis of HIV $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Treatment of HIV </span> $\rightarrow$ Prevention of HIV $\rightarrow$ Impact of HIV/AIDS on society </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-prevention-of-hiv-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Prevention of HIV </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Safe sex practices
<ul>
<li>Use of condoms</li>
<li>HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Harm reduction strategies
<ul>
<li>Needle exchange programs</li>
<li>Opioid substitution therapy</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
<ul>
<li>Antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy</li>
<li>Cesarean delivery</li>
<li>Avoidance of breastfeeding</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Diagnosis of HIV $\rightarrow$ Treatment of HIV $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Prevention of HIV </span> $\rightarrow$ Impact of HIV/AIDS on society $\rightarrow$ Non-infectious diseases </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-prevention-and-management-of-non-infectious-diseases-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Prevention and management of non-infectious diseases </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Genetic counseling and testing</li>
<li>Healthy lifestyle choices
<ul>
<li>Regular exercise</li>
<li>Balanced diet</li>
<li>Stress management</li>
<li>Avoidance of tobacco and alcohol</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Medication and treatment options
<ul>
<li>Insulin therapy for diabetes</li>
<li>Statins for cardiovascular diseases</li>
<li>Immunosuppressants for autoimmune diseases</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Autoimmune diseases $\rightarrow$ Lifestyle diseases $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Prevention and management of non-infectious diseases </span> $\rightarrow$ Role of nutrition in maintaining health $\rightarrow$ Dietary disorders and their management </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-role-of-nutrition-in-maintaining-health-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Role of nutrition in maintaining health </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Importance of a balanced diet</li>
<li>Essential nutrients for the body
<ul>
<li>Carbohydrates, Proteins</li>
<li>Fats, Vitamins</li>
<li>Minerals, Fiber</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Consequences of malnutrition
<ul>
<li>Undernutrition</li>
<li>Overnutrition</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Examples of nutritional deficiencies
<ul>
<li>Vitamin D deficiency (rickets)</li>
<li>Iron deficiency (anemia)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Lifestyle diseases $\rightarrow$ Prevention and management of non-infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Role of nutrition in maintaining health </span> $\rightarrow$ Dietary disorders and their management $\rightarrow$ Immune system and disease defense mechanisms </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-dietary-disorders-and-their-management-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Dietary disorders and their management </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Anorexia nervosa
<ul>
<li>Symptoms and complications</li>
<li>Treatment options</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Bulimia nervosa
<ul>
<li>Symptoms and complications</li>
<li>Treatment options</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Binge eating disorder
<ul>
<li>Symptoms and complications</li>
<li>Treatment options</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Importance of counseling and support groups</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Prevention and management of non-infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ Role of nutrition in maintaining health $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Dietary disorders and their management </span> $\rightarrow$ Immune system and disease defense mechanisms $\rightarrow$ Vaccination and its significance </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-immune-system-and-disease-defense-mechanisms-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Immune system and disease defense mechanisms </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Components of the immune system
<ul>
<li>Innate immune system</li>
<li>Adaptive immune system</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Mechanisms of immune defense
<ul>
<li>Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)</li>
<li>Cellular defense (phagocytes)</li>
<li>Humoral defense (antibodies)</li>
<li>Cell-mediated defense (T cells)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Immunizations and their importance</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Role of nutrition in maintaining health $\rightarrow$ Dietary disorders and their management $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Immune system and disease defense mechanisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Vaccination and its significance $\rightarrow$ Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-vaccination-and-its-significance-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Vaccination and its significance </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Definition of vaccination</li>
<li>Types of vaccines
<ul>
<li>Live attenuated vaccines</li>
<li>Inactivated vaccines</li>
<li>Subunit, conjugate, and toxoid vaccines</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Herd immunity and its role in disease prevention</li>
<li>Success stories of vaccination
<ul>
<li>Smallpox eradication</li>
<li>Polio eradication efforts</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Dietary disorders and their management $\rightarrow$ Immune system and disease defense mechanisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Vaccination and its significance </span> $\rightarrow$ Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ Environmental factors and health </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-emerging-and-re-emerging-infectious-diseases-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Definition and examples
<ul>
<li>SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)</li>
<li>Ebola virus disease</li>
<li>Zika virus</li>
<li>Avian influenza (bird flu)</li>
<li>Drug-resistant tuberculosis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Factors contributing to disease emergence
<ul>
<li>Global travel and trade</li>
<li>Environmental changes</li>
<li>Microbial adaptation</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Immune system and disease defense mechanisms $\rightarrow$ Vaccination and its significance $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases </span> $\rightarrow$ Environmental factors and health $\rightarrow$ Genetic engineering and its applications in medicine </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-19"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-environmental-factors-and-health-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Environmental factors and health </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Impact of pollution on human health
<ul>
<li>Air pollution</li>
<li>Water pollution</li>
<li>Soil contamination</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Occupational hazards and their consequences</li>
<li>Climate change and its health effects
<ul>
<li>Increase in infectious diseases</li>
<li>Food and water insecurity</li>
<li>Extreme weather events</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Vaccination and its significance $\rightarrow$ Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Environmental factors and health </span> $\rightarrow$ Genetic engineering and its applications in medicine $\rightarrow$ Stem cell technology and its potential in medicine </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-20"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-genetic-engineering-and-its-applications-in-medicine-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Genetic engineering and its applications in medicine </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Definition of genetic engineering</li>
<li>Tools and techniques used in genetic engineering
<ul>
<li>Recombinant DNA technology</li>
<li>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</li>
<li>CRISPR-Cas9 system</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Applications of genetic engineering in medicine
<ul>
<li>Production of therapeutic proteins (insulin, growth hormones)</li>
<li>Gene therapy</li>
<li>Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for drug production</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases $\rightarrow$ Environmental factors and health $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Genetic engineering and its applications in medicine </span> $\rightarrow$ Stem cell technology and its potential in medicine $\rightarrow$ Biotechnology and its role in healthcare </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-21"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-stem-cell-technology-and-its-potential-in-medicine-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Stem cell technology and its potential in medicine </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Types of stem cells
<ul>
<li>Embryonic stem cells</li>
<li>Adult stem cells</li>
<li>Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Therapeutic uses of stem cells
<ul>
<li>Regenerative medicine</li>
<li>Tissue engineering</li>
<li>Treatment of genetic disorders</li>
<li>Drug testing and development</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Environmental factors and health $\rightarrow$ Genetic engineering and its applications in medicine $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Stem cell technology and its potential in medicine </span> $\rightarrow$ Biotechnology and its role in healthcare $\rightarrow$ Ethical issues in healthcare and research </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-structure-of-hiv-success-22"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Structure Of Hiv </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biotechnology-and-its-role-in-healthcare-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biotechnology and its role in healthcare </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Definition of biotechnology</li>
<li>Applications of biotechnology in healthcare
<ul>
<li>Diagnostic tests (PCR, ELISA)</li>
<li>Vaccine development</li>
<li>Production of therapeutic proteins (antibodies, hormones)</li>
<li>Personalized medicine</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ethical considerations in biotechnology</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Genetic engineering and its applications in medicine $\rightarrow$ Stem cell technology and its potential in medicine $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biotechnology and its role in healthcare </span> $\rightarrow$ Ethical issues in healthcare and research $\rightarrow$  </footer>