Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health And Disease

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-major-histocompatibility-complex-mhc-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) </primary></h3>
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<li>MHC is a group of genes that code for cell surface proteins important for immune recognition.</li>
<li>MHC proteins help in presenting antigens to T cells for recognition and activation of immune response.</li>
<li><strong>MHC is classified into two types</strong>: MHC-I and MHC-II.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cell-Mediated Immune Response $\rightarrow$ Antigens and Antibodies $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) </span> $\rightarrow$ Types of Immunity - Active and Passive $\rightarrow$ Vaccination and Immunization </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-types-of-immunity---active-and-passive-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Types of Immunity - Active and Passive </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Active Immunity</strong>
<ul>
<li>Developed by the body’s immune system</li>
<li>Induced by exposure to pathogens or vaccines</li>
<li>Long-lasting protection</li>
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</li>
<li><strong>Passive Immunity</strong>
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<li>Transferred from one individual to another</li>
<li>Temporary protection</li>
<li>Example: Maternal antibodies transferred to the fetus</li>
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</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Antigens and Antibodies $\rightarrow$ Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types of Immunity - Active and Passive </span> $\rightarrow$ Vaccination and Immunization $\rightarrow$ Disorders of the Immune System </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-disorders-of-the-immune-system-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Disorders of the Immune System </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Autoimmune Diseases
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<li>Immune system attacks self-cells and tissues</li>
<li>Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis, Multiple sclerosis</li>
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<li>Immunodeficiency Disorders
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<li>Weakened or absent immune response</li>
<li>Examples: HIV/AIDS, Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)</li>
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<li>Hypersensitivity Reactions
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<li>Abnormal immune response to harmless substances</li>
<li>Examples: Allergies, Asthma</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Types of Immunity - Active and Passive $\rightarrow$ Vaccination and Immunization $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Disorders of the Immune System </span> $\rightarrow$ Viral Infections $\rightarrow$ Bacterial Infections </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-hivaids-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> HIV/AIDS </primary></h3>
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<li>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).</li>
<li>HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, or mother-to-child during childbirth or breastfeeding.</li>
<li>Symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, and opportunistic infections.</li>
<li>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress the virus, extending the life expectancy of individuals with HIV/AIDS.</li>
<li>Prevention focuses on safe practices, including condom use, needle exchange programs, and HIV testing.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Malaria $\rightarrow$ Hepatitis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> HIV/AIDS </span> $\rightarrow$ Allergy Management $\rightarrow$ Rheumatoid Arthritis </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-allergy-management-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Allergy Management </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Allergies can be managed by avoiding allergens and taking medications.</li>
<li>Antihistamines can help relieve allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and runny nose.</li>
<li>Corticosteroids can control inflammation in severe allergic reactions.</li>
<li>Allergen immunotherapy, such as allergy shots, can desensitize the immune system to specific allergens.</li>
<li>Education about allergies and proper management is essential to reduce allergic reactions.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hepatitis $\rightarrow$ HIV/AIDS $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Allergy Management </span> $\rightarrow$ Rheumatoid Arthritis $\rightarrow$ Cancer Immunotherapy </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-rheumatoid-arthritis-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Rheumatoid Arthritis </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation and joint pain.</li>
<li>Immune system attacks the synovium, a tissue lining the joints.</li>
<li>Symptoms include joint stiffness, swelling, and deformities.</li>
<li>Treatment includes medication to reduce inflammation and pain, physical therapy, and joint replacement surgery if necessary.</li>
<li>Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent joint damage.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">HIV/AIDS $\rightarrow$ Allergy Management $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Rheumatoid Arthritis </span> $\rightarrow$ Cancer Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Biological Therapies </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cancer-immunotherapy-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cancer Immunotherapy </primary></h3>
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<li>Cancer immunotherapy uses the immune system to fight cancer cells.</li>
<li>Examples include immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, and cancer vaccines.</li>
<li>Immune checkpoint inhibitors block proteins that prevent immune cells from attacking cancer cells.</li>
<li>CAR-T cell therapy involves modifying a patient’s T cells to recognize and kill cancer cells.</li>
<li>Cancer vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Allergy Management $\rightarrow$ Rheumatoid Arthritis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cancer Immunotherapy </span> $\rightarrow$ Biological Therapies $\rightarrow$ Ethics in Biotechnology and Medicine </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biological-therapies-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biological Therapies </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Biological therapies use substances derived from living organisms to treat diseases.</li>
<li>Examples include monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, and gene therapies.</li>
<li>Monoclonal antibodies can specifically target cancer cells or immune cells involved in autoimmune diseases.</li>
<li>Recombinant proteins are synthetic versions of naturally occurring proteins used for various therapeutic purposes.</li>
<li>Gene therapies involve introducing or modifying genes to treat genetic disorders or cancer.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Rheumatoid Arthritis $\rightarrow$ Cancer Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biological Therapies </span> $\rightarrow$ Ethics in Biotechnology and Medicine $\rightarrow$  </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-ethics-in-biotechnology-and-medicine-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Ethics in Biotechnology and Medicine </primary></h3>
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<li>Biotechnology and medicine raise ethical concerns related to genetic engineering, stem cell research, and human cloning.</li>
<li>Ethical considerations include the balance between scientific advancements and potential risks, informed consent, and equitable access to healthcare.</li>
<li>Regulatory bodies and guidelines help ensure ethical practices in biotechnology and medicine.</li>
<li>Debates and discussions are ongoing to address ethical dilemmas and establish ethical frameworks in these fields.</li>
<li>Education and awareness about ethical issues are crucial for healthcare professionals and the general public.</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cancer Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Biological Therapies $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ethics in Biotechnology and Medicine </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>