Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health And Disease

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-t-lymphocytes-t-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> T Lymphocytes (T cells) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity</li>
<li>They mature in the thymus gland</li>
<li>T cell receptors (TCRs) on their surface recognize specific antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)</li>
<li>There are different types of T cells, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Human Health and Disease: Cells of Acquired Immunity $\rightarrow$ B Lymphocytes (B cells) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> T Lymphocytes (T cells) </span> $\rightarrow$ Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) $\rightarrow$ Helper T Cells </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-antibodies-immunoglobulins-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Antibodies are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells derived from B cells</li>
<li>They have specific binding sites (paratopes) that recognize and bind to specific antigens (epitopes)</li>
<li>Antibodies can neutralize pathogens, facilitate phagocytosis, activate complement system, and stimulate other immune cells</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cytotoxic T Cells $\rightarrow$ Regulatory T Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) </span> $\rightarrow$ Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) $\rightarrow$ Summary </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Acquired immunity involves B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)</li>
<li>B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, while T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity</li>
<li>Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigens to T cells to activate immune responses</li>
<li>Helper T cells (Th cells) coordinate immune responses, cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) kill infected cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) maintain immune tolerance</li>
<li>Antibodies (immunoglobulins) produced by B cells bind to specific antigens and can neutralize pathogens or stimulate other immune cells</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) $\rightarrow$ Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ B Cell Activation and Antibody Production $\rightarrow$ T Cell Activation and Immune Response </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-b-cell-activation-and-antibody-production-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> B Cell Activation and Antibody Production </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>B cell activation occurs when the B cell’s BCR recognizes and binds to an antigen</li>
<li>This binding stimulates the B cell to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells</li>
<li>Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies specific to the antigen that activated them</li>
<li>Antibodies can bind to antigens, neutralize them, and mark them for destruction by other immune cells</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) $\rightarrow$ Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> B Cell Activation and Antibody Production </span> $\rightarrow$ T Cell Activation and Immune Response $\rightarrow$ Memory Cells and Secondary Immune Response </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-t-cell-activation-and-immune-response-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> T Cell Activation and Immune Response </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>T cell activation requires the interaction of TCRs with antigens presented by APCs</li>
<li>Helper T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules and release cytokines to activate immune responses</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented on MHC class I molecules and kill infected cells</li>
<li>This coordinated response helps eliminate pathogens and infected cells</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary $\rightarrow$ B Cell Activation and Antibody Production $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> T Cell Activation and Immune Response </span> $\rightarrow$ Memory Cells and Secondary Immune Response $\rightarrow$ Antibody Structure and Functions </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-memory-cells-and-secondary-immune-response-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Memory Cells and Secondary Immune Response </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>After an initial immune response, some B and T cells differentiate into memory cells</li>
<li>Memory cells have a longer lifespan and can quickly respond to the same antigen upon re-exposure</li>
<li>During a secondary immune response, memory cells proliferate and differentiate into effector cells faster and with greater efficiency</li>
<li>This leads to a quicker and stronger immune response</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">B Cell Activation and Antibody Production $\rightarrow$ T Cell Activation and Immune Response $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Memory Cells and Secondary Immune Response </span> $\rightarrow$ Antibody Structure and Functions $\rightarrow$ Primary and Secondary Immune Disorders </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-antibody-structure-and-functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Antibody Structure and Functions </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Antibodies are composed of four polypeptide chains</strong>: two heavy chains and two light chains</li>
<li>The variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the antigen-binding site</li>
<li><strong>Antibodies can bind to antigens in various ways</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Neutralization: Preventing the antigen from entering host cells</li>
<li>Opsonization: Promoting phagocytosis by coating the antigen</li>
<li>Agglutination: Clumping pathogens together for easier elimination</li>
<li>Activation of complement system: Promoting inflammation and lysis of cells</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">T Cell Activation and Immune Response $\rightarrow$ Memory Cells and Secondary Immune Response $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antibody Structure and Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Primary and Secondary Immune Disorders $\rightarrow$ Vaccines and Immunization </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-primary-and-secondary-immune-disorders-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Primary and Secondary Immune Disorders </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Primary immune disorders result from genetic defects affecting the development or function of immune cells</li>
<li>Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and agammaglobulinemia</li>
<li>Secondary immune disorders are acquired due to factors such as infections, medications, or autoimmune diseases</li>
<li>HIV/AIDS is an example of a secondary immune disorder</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Memory Cells and Secondary Immune Response $\rightarrow$ Antibody Structure and Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Primary and Secondary Immune Disorders </span> $\rightarrow$ Vaccines and Immunization $\rightarrow$ Monoclonal Antibodies </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-vaccines-and-immunization-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Vaccines and Immunization </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Vaccines are preparations that stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response to specific antigens</li>
<li>They contain attenuated or inactivated pathogens, their components, or synthetic antigens</li>
<li>Vaccination helps prevent diseases by providing immunity without the risk of severe illness</li>
<li>Common vaccines include those against measles, polio, influenza, and hepatitis</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Antibody Structure and Functions $\rightarrow$ Primary and Secondary Immune Disorders $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Vaccines and Immunization </span> $\rightarrow$ Monoclonal Antibodies $\rightarrow$ Autoimmune Diseases </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-monoclonal-antibodies-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Monoclonal Antibodies </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are antibodies derived from a single clone of B cells</li>
<li>They are produced in laboratory settings and can be specific to a particular antigen</li>
<li>mAbs have various applications, including targeted therapy for cancer, autoimmune diseases, and diagnostic tests</li>
<li>Examples of therapeutic mAbs include trastuzumab, rituximab, and infliximab</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Primary and Secondary Immune Disorders $\rightarrow$ Vaccines and Immunization $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Monoclonal Antibodies </span> $\rightarrow$ Autoimmune Diseases $\rightarrow$ Immunotherapy </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-autoimmune-diseases-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Autoimmune Diseases </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages its own cells and tissues</li>
<li>Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes</li>
<li>Autoimmune diseases can involve various mechanisms, such as autoantibody production or activation of autoreactive T cells</li>
<li>Treatment typically focuses on suppressing immune responses and alleviating symptoms</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Vaccines and Immunization $\rightarrow$ Monoclonal Antibodies $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Autoimmune Diseases </span> $\rightarrow$ Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Conclusion </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-immunotherapy-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Immunotherapy </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells</li>
<li>Approaches include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer, and immune stimulants</li>
<li>These therapies can enhance the ability of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells</li>
<li>Immunotherapy has shown promising results in treating various types of cancer</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Monoclonal Antibodies $\rightarrow$ Autoimmune Diseases $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Immunotherapy </span> $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Disorders of the Immune System </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-conclusion-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Conclusion </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>B cells and T cells are essential cells of acquired immunity</li>
<li>They recognize antigens and activate immune responses to protect against pathogens</li>
<li>Antibodies produced by B cells play a crucial role in antibody-mediated immunity</li>
<li>The immune system can be affected by genetic disorders, infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer</li>
<li>Vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and immunotherapy are important tools in combating diseases and improving human health</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Autoimmune Diseases $\rightarrow$ Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conclusion </span> $\rightarrow$ Disorders of the Immune System $\rightarrow$ Applications of Immunology </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-disorders-of-the-immune-system-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Disorders of the Immune System </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Allergies</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances (allergens) such as pollen, dust mites, or certain foods.</li>
<li>Symptoms can include sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and difficulty breathing.</li>
<li>Common allergic conditions include hay fever, asthma, and eczema.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Autoimmune Diseases</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body.</li>
<li>Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis.</li>
<li>These diseases can cause chronic inflammation and damage to various organs and systems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Disorders of the Immune System </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of Immunology $\rightarrow$ Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-disorders-of-the-immune-system-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Disorders of the Immune System </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Immunodeficiency Disorders</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Immunodeficiency disorders are a group of disorders in which the immune system is weakened or non-functioning.</li>
<li>Primary immunodeficiency disorders are usually genetic and present from birth, while secondary immunodeficiency disorders can be acquired later in life.</li>
<li>Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), HIV/AIDS, and certain types of cancers.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Hypersensitivity Reactions</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Hypersensitivity reactions occur when the immune system overreacts and causes damage to the body’s own tissues.</li>
<li>There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I (immediate hypersensitivity), type II (cytotoxic hypersensitivity), type III (immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity), and type IV (delayed hypersensitivity).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Disorders of the Immune System </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of Immunology $\rightarrow$ Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-disorders-of-the-immune-system-primary-2"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Disorders of the Immune System </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Transplant Rejections</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Transplant rejections occur when the recipient’s immune system recognizes the transplanted organ or tissue as foreign and attacks it.</li>
<li>This can happen due to differences in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types between the donor and recipient.</li>
<li>Medications called immunosuppressants are used to prevent transplant rejections.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Conclusion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Disorders of the Immune System </span> $\rightarrow$ Applications of Immunology $\rightarrow$ Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-applications-of-immunology-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Applications of Immunology </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Diagnosis of Diseases</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Immunological techniques are used in diagnosing various diseases, including infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders.</li>
<li>Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Development of Vaccines</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Immunology plays a vital role in the development of vaccines that protect against infectious diseases.</li>
<li>Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response, leading to immunity against specific pathogens.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Disorders of the Immune System $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Applications of Immunology </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity $\rightarrow$ Equations </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-applications-of-immunology-primary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Applications of Immunology </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Genetic Engineering</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Immunology is essential in genetic engineering techniques, such as recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy.</li>
<li>These techniques allow the production of therapeutic proteins and modification of genes for medical purposes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cancer Immunotherapy</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Immunotherapy is a promising approach for treating cancer by harnessing the power of the immune system.</li>
<li>Techniques include immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer, and cancer vaccines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Prevention of Organ Transplant Rejections</strong>:
<ul>
<li>The field of immunology has contributed to the development of immunosuppressant drugs and techniques to minimize the risk of rejection after organ transplantation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conclusion $\rightarrow$ Disorders of the Immune System $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Applications of Immunology </span> $\rightarrow$ Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity $\rightarrow$ Equations </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-summary-cells-of-acquired-immunity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Acquired immunity involves B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) that develop from stem cells.</li>
<li>B cells mediate antibody-mediated immunity, while T cells mediate cell-mediated immunity.</li>
<li>Helper T cells (Th cells) coordinate immune responses, cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) kill infected cells, and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) maintain immune tolerance.</li>
<li>Antibodies produced by plasma cells derived from B cells can neutralize pathogens, promote phagocytosis, agglutinate pathogens, and activate the complement system.</li>
<li>Immunological disorders, such as allergies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiency disorders, occur when the immune system malfunctions.</li>
<li>The field of immunology has various applications, including disease diagnosis, vaccine development, genetic engineering, cancer immunotherapy, and prevention of organ transplant rejections.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Disorders of the Immune System $\rightarrow$ Applications of Immunology $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity </span> $\rightarrow$ Equations $\rightarrow$ Example: Antigen Presentation </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-equations-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Equations </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Antibody Structure Equation</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Antibodies = 2 Heavy chains (H) + 2 Light chains (L) + 2 Antigen-binding sites (Variable regions)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Cell-Mediated Immunity Equation</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Infected cell + Tc cell recognition of antigen-MHC complex → Cytotoxic response (perforin, granzymes) → Apoptosis of infected cell</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Antibody-Mediated Immunity Equation</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Antigen + B cell recognition of antigen → B cell activation → Plasma cell differentiation → Antibody production</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Immunodeficiency Equation</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Weakened immune system + Increased susceptibility to infections = Immunodeficiency disorder</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Autoimmune Equation</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Self-antigens + Autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells = Autoimmune disease</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Applications of Immunology $\rightarrow$ Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Equations </span> $\rightarrow$ Example: Antigen Presentation $\rightarrow$ Example: Antibody Functions </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-antigen-presentation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example: Antigen Presentation </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Dendritic cells are an example of antigen-presenting cells (APCs).</li>
<li>When a pathogen enters the body, dendritic cells engulf and process it.</li>
<li>The processed antigens are presented on MHC class II molecules on the dendritic cell’s surface.</li>
<li>Helper T cells recognize these antigens and become activated, initiating an immune response.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Summary: Cells of Acquired Immunity $\rightarrow$ Equations $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example: Antigen Presentation </span> $\rightarrow$ Example: Antibody Functions $\rightarrow$ Example: Vaccination </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-antibody-functions-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example: Antibody Functions </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li><strong>Neutralization Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Antibodies can neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria, preventing them from causing harm.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Opsonization Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Antibodies can coat bacteria, facilitating their recognition and phagocytosis by macrophages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Agglutination Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Antibodies can bind to multiple pathogens (e.g., bacteria) and clump them together, making it easier for phagocytes to eliminate them.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Complement Activation Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Antibodies can activate the complement system, leading to the recruitment of immune cells and lysis of target cells.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Equations $\rightarrow$ Example: Antigen Presentation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example: Antibody Functions </span> $\rightarrow$ Example: Vaccination $\rightarrow$ Example: Monoclonal Antibodies </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-of-a-acquired-immunity-success-29"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Of A Acquired Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-vaccination-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example: Vaccination </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Influenza Vaccine Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>The influenza vaccine contains inactivated or attenuated strains of the influenza virus.</li>
<li>When the vaccine is administered, the immune system recognizes the antigens present in the vaccine.</li>
<li>B cells produce antibodies specific to the antigens, and memory cells are also generated.</li>
<li>Upon subsequent exposure to the influenza virus, the immune system mounts a faster and stronger immune response, preventing severe illness.</li>
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</li>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example: Antigen Presentation $\rightarrow$ Example: Antibody Functions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example: Vaccination </span> $\rightarrow$ Example: Monoclonal Antibodies $\rightarrow$ Example: Autoimmune Disease </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-of-a-acquired-immunity-success-30"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Of A Acquired Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-monoclonal-antibodies-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example: Monoclonal Antibodies </primary></h3>
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<li><strong>Rituximab Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of certain types of lymphomas and autoimmune diseases.</li>
<li>It targets a specific antigen, CD20, which is expressed on the surface of B cells.</li>
<li>By binding to CD20, rituximab triggers the destruction of B cells, contributing to the treatment of these conditions.</li>
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</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example: Antibody Functions $\rightarrow$ Example: Vaccination $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example: Monoclonal Antibodies </span> $\rightarrow$ Example: Autoimmune Disease $\rightarrow$ Example: Cancer Immunotherapy </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-of-a-acquired-immunity-success-31"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Of A Acquired Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-autoimmune-disease-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example: Autoimmune Disease </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Rheumatoid Arthritis Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in the joints.</li>
<li>The immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, a protective membrane around the joints.</li>
<li>This leads to chronic inflammation, pain, swelling, and ultimately, joint damage.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example: Vaccination $\rightarrow$ Example: Monoclonal Antibodies $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example: Autoimmune Disease </span> $\rightarrow$ Example: Cancer Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$  </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-of-a-acquired-immunity-success-32"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Of A Acquired Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-example-cancer-immunotherapy-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Example: Cancer Immunotherapy </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Example</strong>:
<ul>
<li>Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, are used in the treatment of various cancers.</li>
<li>They block proteins called immune checkpoints, which regulate immune responses.</li>
<li>By inhibiting these checkpoints, the drugs can enhance the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells.</li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Example: Monoclonal Antibodies $\rightarrow$ Example: Autoimmune Disease $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example: Cancer Immunotherapy </span> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$  </footer>