Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health And Disease

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-biology-in-human-welfare---human-health-and-disease---cells-mediated-immunity-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Cells Mediated Immunity </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Cells mediated immunity is a type of immune response in which immune cells play a crucial role in defending the body against pathogens.</li>
<li>It is also known as cellular immunity or cell-mediated response.</li>
<li>Cells mediated immunity involves the activation of T cells, which are a type of white blood cells.</li>
<li>T cells recognize and bind to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).</li>
<li>There are different types of T cells involved in cellular immunity, including helper T cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), and regulatory T cells.</li>
<li>Helper T cells activate other cells of the immune system such as B cells and macrophages.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells or cancer cells.</li>
<li>Regulatory T cells control and regulate the immune response to prevent excessive damage to healthy tissues.</li>
<li>Cells mediated immunity is an important defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and certain bacteria.</li>
<li>It is also involved in immune surveillance and the destruction of cancer cells.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Cells Mediated Immunity </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Antigen Recognition $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Activation of T Cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---antigen-recognition-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Antigen Recognition </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through a process called antigen recognition.</li>
<li>Antigens are usually protein or peptide fragments derived from pathogens or other foreign substances.</li>
<li>Antigen presentation occurs when APCs display the antigens on their cell surface.</li>
<li>Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a crucial role in antigen presentation.</li>
<li>T cells have T-cell receptors (TCRs) on their surface that bind to the antigens displayed by APCs.</li>
<li>The binding of TCRs to antigens is specific and requires the presence of MHC molecules.</li>
<li>There are two major classes of MHC molecules, MHC class I and MHC class II.</li>
<li>MHC class I molecules present antigens derived from intracellular pathogens to cytotoxic T cells.</li>
<li>MHC class II molecules present antigens derived from extracellular pathogens to helper T cells.</li>
<li>Antigen recognition by T cells is a key step in the activation of cellular immune responses.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Cells Mediated Immunity $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Antigen Recognition </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Activation of T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Helper T Cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---activation-of-t-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Activation of T Cells </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Once T cells recognize antigens presented by APCs, they undergo activation to initiate immune responses.</li>
<li><strong>T cell activation requires two signals</strong>: antigen recognition and co-stimulation.</li>
<li>The first signal is provided by the binding of TCRs to antigens presented by APCs.</li>
<li>The second signal is provided by the interaction between co-stimulatory molecules on T cells and antigen-presenting cells.</li>
<li>Co-stimulatory molecules such as CD28 on T cells and CD80/CD86 on APCs are involved in this interaction.</li>
<li>Without co-stimulation, T cells may become tolerant or undergo cell death.</li>
<li>Upon activation, T cells undergo clonal expansion, leading to the proliferation of antigen-specific T cells.</li>
<li>Some activated T cells differentiate into effector T cells, which perform specific functions in immune responses.</li>
<li>Effector T cells can migrate to the site of infection or inflammation to carry out their functions.</li>
<li>T cell activation is tightly regulated to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent excessive immune responses.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Cells Mediated Immunity $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Antigen Recognition $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Activation of T Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Helper T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T Cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-3"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---helper-t-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Helper T Cells </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Helper T cells (CD4+) play a crucial role in coordinating immune responses.</li>
<li>They help activate other immune cells, such as B cells and macrophages.</li>
<li>Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by APCs through their T-cell receptors (TCRs).</li>
<li>Antigen recognition by helper T cells leads to the release of cytokines.</li>
<li>Cytokines are small proteins that act as chemical messengers in the immune system.</li>
<li>Different subsets of helper T cells produce different cytokines, leading to distinct immune responses.</li>
<li>Th1 cells produce cytokines that enhance cellular immunity and promote the activation of cytotoxic T cells.</li>
<li>Th2 cells produce cytokines that promote humoral immunity and stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells.</li>
<li>Th17 cells produce cytokines involved in inflammation and defense against certain extracellular pathogens.</li>
<li>The activation and differentiation of helper T cells are essential for efficient immune responses</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Antigen Recognition $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Activation of T Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Helper T Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Regulatory T Cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---cytotoxic-t-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T Cells </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) play a crucial role in killing infected cells or cancer cells.</li>
<li>They recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules on the surface of infected or abnormal cells.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells directly bind to and kill target cells through various mechanisms.</li>
<li>One mechanism is the release of cytotoxic granules containing proteins, such as perforin and granzymes.</li>
<li>Perforin creates pores in the target cell’s membrane, allowing granzymes to enter and induce apoptosis.</li>
<li>Another mechanism is the activation of Fas ligand (FasL) on cytotoxic T cells, which binds to Fas receptors on target cells, leading to apoptosis.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells can also induce cell death by releasing cytokines such as TNF-alpha and TRAIL.</li>
<li>The killing of infected or abnormal cells by cytotoxic T cells helps eliminate pathogens and control tumor growth.</li>
<li>The activation and regulation of cytotoxic T cells are important for effective immune responses.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Activation of T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Helper T Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Regulatory T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Immune Surveillance </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---regulatory-t-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Regulatory T Cells </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in controlling and regulating immune responses.</li>
<li>They help maintain immune homeostasis and prevent excessive immune activation.</li>
<li>Regulatory T cells express a protein called Foxp3, which is essential for their function.</li>
<li>Tregs suppress the activity of effector T cells and other immune cells, such as B cells and dendritic cells.</li>
<li>This suppression is achieved through various mechanisms, including the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-beta.</li>
<li>Tregs can also directly interact with other immune cells and inhibit their function.</li>
<li>The dysfunction or deficiency of regulatory T cells can lead to autoimmune diseases and immune dysregulation.</li>
<li>Understanding the role of regulatory T cells is important for developing new therapeutic strategies for immune-related disorders.</li>
<li>The balance between regulatory T cells and effector T cells is critical for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Helper T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Regulatory T Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Immune Surveillance $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Memory T Cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-6"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---immune-surveillance-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Immune Surveillance </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Cells mediated immunity plays a crucial role in immune surveillance.</li>
<li>Immune surveillance refers to the continuous monitoring of the body for the presence of pathogens or abnormal cells.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are primarily involved in immune surveillance.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells, including cancer cells.</li>
<li>NK cells, on the other hand, kill target cells without the need for prior antigen recognition.</li>
<li>They can recognize certain markers on infected or abnormal cells and induce their death.</li>
<li>Immune surveillance helps prevent the establishment and spread of infections and tumors.</li>
<li>Defects in immune surveillance mechanisms can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and tumor development.</li>
<li>Understanding immune surveillance is important for developing strategies to enhance immune responses against pathogens and cancer cells.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Regulatory T Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Immune Surveillance </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Memory T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Summary </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---memory-t-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Memory T Cells </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Memory T cells are a long-lived population of T cells generated during an immune response.</li>
<li>They provide long-term immunity against specific pathogens.</li>
<li>Memory T cells are formed during the initial activation and expansion of T cells.</li>
<li>After the clearance of an infection, most effector T cells undergo apoptosis.</li>
<li>However, a small proportion of activated T cells differentiate into memory T cells.</li>
<li>Memory T cells have distinct characteristics that allow them to respond rapidly and efficiently upon re-exposure to the same antigen.</li>
<li>They can quickly expand and differentiate into effector T cells, leading to a stronger and faster immune response.</li>
<li>Memory T cells are an essential component of acquired immunity and provide protection against recurrent infections.</li>
<li>Vaccination strategies exploit the generation of memory T cells to confer immunity to specific pathogens.</li>
</ul>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Regulatory T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Immune Surveillance $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Memory T Cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Summary $\rightarrow$ Antigen Recognition </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---summary-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Summary </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Cells mediated immunity is a type of immune response that involves the activation of T cells.</li>
<li>T cells recognize antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through their T-cell receptors (TCRs).</li>
<li>The binding of TCRs to antigens requires the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.</li>
<li><strong>T cell activation requires two signals</strong>: antigen recognition and co-stimulation.</li>
<li>Helper T cells play a crucial role in coordinating immune responses and activate other immune cells.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells or cancer cells.</li>
<li>Regulatory T cells control and regulate immune responses to prevent excessive immune activation.</li>
<li>Immune surveillance involves the continuous monitoring and elimination of pathogens and abnormal cells.</li>
<li>Memory T cells provide long-term immunity and quick response upon re-exposure to specific antigens.</li>
<li>Understanding cellular immunity is important for developing therapeutic strategies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Immune Surveillance $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Memory T Cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Summary </span> $\rightarrow$ Antigen Recognition $\rightarrow$ Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-antigen-recognition-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Antigen Recognition </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Antigen recognition is a crucial step in cells mediated immunity.</li>
<li>T cells bind to antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs).</li>
<li>The binding of T-cell receptors (TCRs) to antigens is specific and requires the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.</li>
<li>TCRs have a variable region that interacts with the antigen and a constant region that anchors the TCR to the T cell membrane.</li>
<li>The interaction between TCRs and MHC-antigen complexes is essential for T cell activation.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Memory T Cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Summary $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Antigen Recognition </span> $\rightarrow$ Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) $\rightarrow$ Helper T cells (CD4+) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-major-histocompatibility-complex-mhc-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules play a key role in antigen presentation and T cell activation.</li>
<li>MHC class I molecules present antigens derived from intracellular pathogens to cytotoxic T cells (CD8+).</li>
<li>MHC class I molecules are expressed on almost all nucleated cells in the body.</li>
<li>MHC class II molecules present antigens derived from extracellular pathogens to helper T cells (CD4+).</li>
<li>MHC class II molecules are primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Summary $\rightarrow$ Antigen Recognition $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) </span> $\rightarrow$ Helper T cells (CD4+) $\rightarrow$ Th1 cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-11"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-helper-t-cells-cd4-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Helper T cells (CD4+) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Helper T cells (CD4+) are crucial for coordinating immune responses.</li>
<li>They recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules on APCs.</li>
<li>Helper T cells release specific cytokines upon activation.</li>
<li>Cytokines act as chemical messengers and help regulate immune responses.</li>
<li>Different subsets of helper T cells produce different cytokines, leading to distinct immune responses.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Antigen Recognition $\rightarrow$ Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Helper T cells (CD4+) </span> $\rightarrow$ Th1 cells $\rightarrow$ Th2 cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-12"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-th1-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Th1 cells </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Th1 cells are a subset of helper T cells that produce cytokines such as IFN-gamma.</li>
<li>IFN-gamma enhances cellular immunity and promotes the activation of cytotoxic T cells.</li>
<li>Th1 cells are important in defense against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and certain bacteria.</li>
<li>Dysregulated Th1 response can lead to autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.</li>
<li>Th1 cells can also contribute to tissue damage in chronic inflammatory diseases.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) $\rightarrow$ Helper T cells (CD4+) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Th1 cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Th2 cells $\rightarrow$ Th17 cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-th2-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Th2 cells </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Th2 cells are a subset of helper T cells that produce cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5.</li>
<li>IL-4 and IL-5 promote humoral immunity and stimulate the production of antibodies by B cells.</li>
<li>Th2 cells play a crucial role in defense against extracellular pathogens such as parasites and allergies.</li>
<li>Dysregulated Th2 response can lead to allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis.</li>
<li>Th2 responses can also contribute to the development of certain types of cancer.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Helper T cells (CD4+) $\rightarrow$ Th1 cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Th2 cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Th17 cells $\rightarrow$ Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-th17-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Th17 cells </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Th17 cells are a subset of helper T cells that produce cytokines such as IL-17.</li>
<li>IL-17 is involved in inflammation and defense against certain extracellular pathogens.</li>
<li>Th17 cells play a role in defense against fungal infections and some bacterial infections.</li>
<li>Dysregulated Th17 response can lead to autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases.</li>
<li>Th17 responses can also contribute to tissue damage in chronic inflammatory diseases.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Th1 cells $\rightarrow$ Th2 cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Th17 cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) $\rightarrow$ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cytotoxic-t-cells-cd8-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) are responsible for killing infected cells and cancer cells.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC class I molecules on the surface of target cells.</li>
<li>The recognition of antigens leads to the activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells.</li>
<li>Activated cytotoxic T cells release cytotoxic granules containing proteins such as perforin and granzymes.</li>
<li>These proteins induce target cell death through the formation of pores in the target cell membrane and the induction of apoptosis.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Th2 cells $\rightarrow$ Th17 cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) </span> $\rightarrow$ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) $\rightarrow$ Immune surveillance </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-regulatory-t-cells-tregs-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Regulatory T cells (Tregs) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in immune regulation and tolerance.</li>
<li>Tregs express a transcription factor called Foxp3, which is essential for their function.</li>
<li>Tregs suppress the activity of other immune cells, including effector T cells and B cells.</li>
<li>The suppression is achieved through the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-beta.</li>
<li>Dysfunction or deficiency of Tregs can lead to autoimmune diseases and immune dysregulation.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Th17 cells $\rightarrow$ Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Regulatory T cells (Tregs) </span> $\rightarrow$ Immune surveillance $\rightarrow$ Memory T cells </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-immune-surveillance-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Immune surveillance </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Immune surveillance is the continuous monitoring of the body for the presence of pathogens and abnormal cells.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are primarily involved in immune surveillance.</li>
<li>Cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill infected or abnormal cells based on the recognition of MHC-antigen complexes.</li>
<li>NK cells, on the other hand, recognize certain markers on infected or abnormal cells and induce their death.</li>
<li>Immune surveillance is crucial for the early detection and elimination of pathogens and cancer cells.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) $\rightarrow$ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Immune surveillance </span> $\rightarrow$ Memory T cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Vaccination </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-memory-t-cells-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Memory T cells </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Memory T cells are a long-lived population of T cells that provide long-term immunity.</li>
<li>Memory T cells are generated during the initial activation and expansion of T cells in response to an infection or vaccination.</li>
<li>Memory T cells can quickly respond to re-infection by the same pathogen and mount a stronger and faster immune response.</li>
<li>Memory T cells can differentiate into effector T cells, leading to the production of cytokines and the killing of infected cells.</li>
<li>Memory T cells play a crucial role in acquired immunity and are the basis for vaccination strategies.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Regulatory T cells (Tregs) $\rightarrow$ Immune surveillance $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Memory T cells </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Vaccination $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Autoimmune Diseases </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-19"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---vaccination-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Vaccination </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Vaccination is a strategy that utilizes the immune system’s ability to remember previous infections.</li>
<li>Vaccines contain antigens derived from pathogens that stimulate the immune system to produce a specific immune response.</li>
<li>Vaccination leads to the development of memory T cells and B cells, providing long-term immunity.</li>
<li>Examples of vaccines include those against measles, polio, influenza, and hepatitis.</li>
<li>Vaccination programs have been highly successful in controlling and eradicating diseases worldwide.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Immune surveillance $\rightarrow$ Memory T cells $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Vaccination </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Autoimmune Diseases $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Organ Transplantation </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-20"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---autoimmune-diseases-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Autoimmune Diseases </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly recognizes self-antigens as foreign and attacks healthy tissues.</li>
<li>Examples of autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus.</li>
<li>In autoimmune diseases, effector T cells and autoantibodies contribute to tissue damage and inflammation.</li>
<li>The exact causes of autoimmune diseases are not fully understood but may involve genetic and environmental factors.</li>
<li>Treatment for autoimmune diseases typically involves the suppression of immune responses.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Memory T cells $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Vaccination $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Autoimmune Diseases </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Organ Transplantation $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Immunodeficiency Disorders </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-21"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---organ-transplantation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Organ Transplantation </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Organ transplantation involves the transfer of organs or tissues from one individual (the donor) to another (the recipient).</li>
<li>Transplantation is a treatment option for end-stage organ failure or irreparable tissue damage.</li>
<li>However, the immune system recognizes transplanted organs as foreign and may mount an immune response to reject them.</li>
<li>Immunosuppressive drugs are used to prevent or minimize organ rejection.</li>
<li>Cellular immunity plays a crucial role in organ rejection, and the understanding of cells mediated immunity is important for successful transplantation.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Vaccination $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Autoimmune Diseases $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Organ Transplantation </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Immunodeficiency Disorders $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Cancer Immunotherapy </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-22"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---immunodeficiency-disorders-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Immunodeficiency Disorders </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions characterized by a weakened or absent immune response.</li>
<li>These disorders can be primary (genetic) or acquired (secondary to other conditions such as infections or medications).</li>
<li>Primary immunodeficiency disorders are usually inherited and affect various components of the immune system.</li>
<li>Acquired immunodeficiency disorders include HIV/AIDS, which specifically targets and destroys helper T cells.</li>
<li>Immunodeficiency disorders increase the susceptibility to infections and other diseases.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Autoimmune Diseases $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Organ Transplantation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Immunodeficiency Disorders </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Cancer Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Allergies </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-23"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---cancer-immunotherapy-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Cancer Immunotherapy </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Cancer immunotherapy is a type of treatment that harnesses the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.</li>
<li>Immunotherapies include checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.</li>
<li>Checkpoint inhibitors block molecules that suppress the immune response, allowing T cells to attack cancer cells.</li>
<li>CAR-T cell therapy involves modifying a patient’s T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors, enhancing their ability to target and kill cancer cells.</li>
<li>Cancer immunotherapy has shown promising results in the treatment of certain cancers.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Organ Transplantation $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Immunodeficiency Disorders $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Cancer Immunotherapy </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Allergies $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-24"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---allergies-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Allergies </primary></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances (allergens) such as pollen, dust, or certain foods.</li>
<li>Allergies involve the activation of effector T cells, resulting in the release of allergic mediators such as histamine.</li>
<li>Symptoms of allergies include itching, sneezing, runny nose, and skin rashes.</li>
<li>Treatment for allergies may involve avoiding allergens, medications to relieve symptoms, and immunotherapy to desensitize the immune system.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Immunodeficiency Disorders $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Cancer Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Allergies </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-25"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---antibody-dependent-cell-mediated-cytotoxicity-adcc-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a process in which antibodies attach to infected or abnormal cells and stimulate immune cells to kill them.</li>
<li>ADCC involves the activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which recognize and bind to the Fc region of antibodies.</li>
<li>The binding of NK cells to antibodies-coated target cells leads to the release of cytotoxic granules, inducing target cell death.</li>
<li>ADCC is an important mechanism for the elimination of infected cells and cancer cells.</li>
</ul>
</main>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Cancer Immunotherapy $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Allergies $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Role in Chronic Inflammation </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-26"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) </primary></h3>
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<main>
<ul>
<li>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract.</li>
<li>The exact cause of IBD is not known but may involve an abnormal immune response to gut microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals.</li>
<li>T cells, especially Th1 and Th17 cells, are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD.</li>
<li>In IBD, an uncontrolled immune response leads to chronic inflammation and damage to the gut lining.</li>
<li>Treatment for IBD involves medications to control inflammation and manage symptoms.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Allergies $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Role in Chronic Inflammation $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Future Directions </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-biology-in-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-cells-mediated-immunity-success-27"><Success style="font-size:25px"> Biology In Human Welfare Human Health And Disease Cells Mediated Immunity </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-cells-mediated-immunity---role-in-chronic-inflammation-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Role in Chronic Inflammation </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<ul>
<li>Chronic inflammation is a persistent inflammatory response that can occur in various diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular diseases.</li>
<li>T cells play a critical role in chronic inflammation, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines that sustain and amplify the inflammatory response.</li>
<li>The dysregulation of cells mediated immunity can lead to excessive and prolonged inflammation, causing tissue damage.</li>
<li>Understanding the involvement of cells mediated immunity in chronic inflammation can help develop targeted therapies for inflammatory diseases.</li>
</ul>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Cells Mediated Immunity - Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Cells Mediated Immunity - Role in Chronic Inflammation </span> $\rightarrow$ Cells Mediated Immunity - Future Directions $\rightarrow$  </footer>