<h5 id="11-an-overview-of-recombinant-dna-technology">1.1 An Overview of Recombinant DNA Technology</h5> <ul> <li>In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helical structure of DNA.</li> <li>In the 1960s, Arber, Meselson and others discovered Type I restriction enzymes and ligases enzymes.</li> <li>In 1972, Paul Berg assembled the first Recombinant DNA from a bacterium into the virus.</li> <li>In 1975, Köhler and Milstein described the Hybridoma Technique for production of monoclonal antibodies.</li> <li>In 1982, the first recombinant DNA Therapeutic Product ‘Humulin’ was approved by the FDA.</li> <li>In 1983, Kary Mullis developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction.</li> <li>In 1984, Sir Alec Jeffreys invented DNA Fingerprinting.</li> <li>In 1990, the Human Genome Project was officially initiated.</li> <li>In 1994, the first genetically engineered crop ‘Flavr Savr’ tomato was introduced.</li> <li>In 1996, researchers at Monsanto developed Bt cotton and it was first commercially released.</li> <li>In 2000, Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer developed Golden Rice.</li> <li>In 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was completed.</li> <li>In 2004, ‘Avastin’, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody for cancer treatment was discovered.</li> <li>In 2006, a recombinant vaccine ‘Gardasil’ against human papillomavirus (HPV) receives FDA approval.</li> <li>In 2010, Robert Edwards was awarded the Nobel Prize for the development of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy.</li> <li>In 2012, Shinya Yamanaka and John B. Gurdon discovered that mature differentiated cells can be reprogrammed into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.</li> <li>In 2019, recent advances in the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool were made.</li> <li>In 2020, vaccines against COVID-19 were developed.</li> </ul> <p>======</p>