====
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
====
Binary Fission:
Budding:
Regeneration:
====
Involves the fusion of male and female gametes
Male gametes called sperm, female gametes called eggs
Process includes fertilization and development of zygote
Provides genetic variation in offspring
Example:
====
Fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
Occurs in the reproductive organs of female
External or internal fertilization depending on organism
Example:
====
Zygote undergoes cell division and growth
Resulting structure is an embryo
Embryo develops into a new individual
Example:
Development can take place inside or outside the body
====
Embryo develops inside the body of the parent
Provides protection and nourishment to the developing embryo
Examples: humans, mammals
Umbilical cord connects the developing embryo to placenta
====
Embryo develops outside the body of the parent
Parent provides minimal or no protection and nourishment
Examples: fish, frogs, birds
Eggs laid in a suitable environment for development \11. Reproduction in Plants
Plants have different modes of reproduction
Sexual reproduction in plants involves the formation of flowers and seeds
Asexual reproduction in plants involves the formation of new individuals without the involvement of seeds
Both types of reproduction are important for the survival and diversity of plant species
Example:
\12. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Sexual reproduction in plants involves the production of male and female gametes
Male gametes are produced in the anther of the flower
Female gametes are produced in the ovule of the flower
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
Example:
\13. Double Fertilization
Double fertilization is a unique feature of flowering plants
It involves the fusion of two male gametes with two female gametes
One male gamete fuses with the egg to form a zygote
The other male gamete fuses with the polar nuclei to form endosperm
Example:
\14. Seed Formation
After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed
Seeds have a protective coat, an embryo, and stored food
The embryo consists of a radicle, plumule, and cotyledons
Seeds are dispersed by various means such as wind, water, or animals
Example:
\15. Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Asexual reproduction in plants does not involve the formation of seeds or the fusion of gametes
Various methods of asexual reproduction exist in plants
Vegetative propagation is one common method
It involves the use of plant parts like stems, roots, or leaves to produce new individuals
Example:
\16. Vegetative Propagation: Cuttings
Cuttings involve taking a portion of a plant and allowing it to develop roots and grow into a new individual
Stem cuttings can be taken from plants and rooted in a suitable medium
Rooting hormones can be used to promote root growth
Example:
\17. Vegetative Propagation: Grafting
Grafting involves joining the stem of one plant (scion) to the root system of another plant (rootstock)
The scion and rootstock must be closely related for successful grafting
Grafting is commonly used in fruit tree cultivation
Example:
\18. Vegetative Propagation: Layering
Layering involves bending a stem or branch of a plant and covering it with soil while it is still attached to the parent plant
Roots form at the bent portion, and the new plant can be separated and grown independently
Layering is commonly used in plants like jasmine or blackberry
Example:
\19. Advantages of Asexual Reproduction in Plants
\20. Importance of Reproduction in Organisms
Reproduction is essential for the survival and continuity of species
It allows for the production of new individuals that can adapt to changing environments
Reproduction helps maintain genetic diversity within a population
It ensures the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next
Example:
After germination, the seedling requires incubation for proper development
Incubation provides favorable conditions for the growth of the root and shoot in the plantlet
The process of incubation involves maintaining proper temperature, humidity, and light conditions
Incubation also ensures protection from predators and disease
Example:
During incubation, the root emerges first from the seed
Example:
The growth of the root and shoot continues through cell division and elongation
The root system develops more extensively underground, while the shoot system grows above the ground
Both systems work in synergy to support the plantlet’s growth and survival
Example:
Incubation for the development of root and shoot in the plantlet varies among different plant species
Some plantlets require direct sunlight, while others prefer shade
The duration of incubation also varies depending on the plant’s life cycle
Example:
The quality and availability of nutrients, water, and oxygen also play vital roles in incubation
pH levels, soil composition, and the presence of symbiotic organisms can influence plantlet development
Example:
Once the plantlet has developed its root and shoot system, it is ready to function independently
The plantlet can now carry out photosynthesis, reproduce, and continue its life cycle
Example:
Incubation is a critical stage in the life cycle of plants, ensuring their successful establishment and survival
By providing the necessary conditions for root and shoot development, incubation contributes to the growth and productivity of plants
Example: