Genetics and Evolution- Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Slide 1

Topic: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Introduction to genetics and evolution
Importance of understanding molecular basis of inheritance
Overview of the upcoming lecture

Slide 2

DNA and RNA: Fundamental molecules of heredity
Structure of DNA
- Double helix
- Complementary base pairing
Structure of RNA
- Single-stranded
- Different types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Slide 3

Central dogma of molecular biology
Genetic information flow
DNA replication
- Enzymes involved: DNA polymerase, helicase
Transcription
- RNA polymerase and initiation factors

Slide 4

Transcription (contd.)
- Elongation and termination signals
- mRNA processing: capping, splicing, polyadenylation
Translation
- Ribosomes and the role of tRNA
- Genetic code and codons

Slide 5

Introduction to enzymes involved in DNA replication and repair
DNA helicase: Unwinding the double helix
DNA polymerase: Synthesizing the new DNA strand
Primase: Synthesis of RNA primer

Slide 6

DNA Ligase: Joining Okazaki fragments
Topoisomerase: Preventing the formation of DNA knots
DNA repair enzymes: Maintaining genome integrity
Examples of DNA repair mechanisms: Base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair

Slide 7

Gene expression and regulation
Control of gene expression
Transcriptional regulation: Promoters and regulatory factors
Post-transcriptional regulation: mRNA stability and processing

Slide 8

Translation regulation: Initiation factors and RNA-binding proteins
Recap of molecular basis of inheritance
Overview of the next section: Genetic variation and evolution

Slide 9

Genetic variation: Importance and sources
Mutations: Types and effects
Gene flow: Introduction of genetic variation through migration
Gene drift: Random changes in gene frequencies

Slide 10

Natural selection: Key mechanism behind evolution
Types of natural selection: Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive
Adaptation: Process of natural selection favoring advantageous traits
Examples of natural selection in action

Slide 11

Genetic drift (contd.)
- Bottleneck effect: Reduction in population size leading to loss of genetic variation
- Founder effect: Small group of individuals establish a new population with limited genetic diversity
Genetic variation and its role in evolution
Importance of studying genetic variation for understanding biological processes

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Slide 12

Hardy-Weinberg principle
Concept of equilibrium population genetics
Conditions for equilibrium: No natural selection, mutation, migration, genetic drift, or non-random mating
Equations for calculating genotype frequencies in a population
- p + q = 1
- p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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Slide 13

Applications of the Hardy-Weinberg principle
Estimating allele frequencies in a population
Testing for genetic equilibrium
Evaluating the impact of evolutionary forces on populations
Understanding patterns of genetic diseases and population genetics

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Slide 14

Microevolution and macroevolution
Different scales of evolution
Microevolution: Changes in allele frequencies within a population over time
Macroevolution: Large-scale changes leading to the formation of new species
Role of genetic variation and natural selection in both processes

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Slide 15

Adaptive radiation: Diversification of ancestral species into multiple specialized forms
Convergent evolution: Unrelated species evolving similar traits due to similar environmental pressures
Coevolution: Reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species
Examples of adaptation in various organisms

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Slide 16

Genetic basis of evolution
Gene pool: All the genes in a population
Allele frequency: Proportion of a specific allele in a population
Genetic variation measured by heterozygosity and polymorphism
Role of genetic variation in natural selection and evolution

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Slide 17

Molecular clocks and evolutionary divergence
Mutations and their accumulation over time
Rate of mutation as a measure of evolutionary time
Comparing DNA or protein sequences between species
Estimating evolutionary relationships using molecular clock data

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Slide 18

Types of mutations and their effects on proteins
Silent, missense, nonsense, frame-shift, and insertions/deletions
Impact of mutations on protein structure and function
Examples of genetic diseases caused by specific mutations

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Slide 19

Molecular techniques in studying evolution
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing
Phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data
Comparative genomics and transcriptomics
Application of molecular techniques in conservation biology and biogeography

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Slide 20

Recap of the topics covered
Importance of understanding the molecular basis of inheritance for biology
Overview of genetics and evolution as fields of study
Final remarks and questions from the audience

Slide 21

Which enzymes helps in charging of tRNA?
- Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: Enzymes responsible for attaching specific amino acids to tRNA molecules
- There are 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, each specific for a particular amino acid
- Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes its corresponding amino acid and the appropriate tRNA molecule

Slide 22

Transfer RNA (tRNA) structure and function
- Cloverleaf secondary structure
- Anticodon region: Complementary to mRNA codon during translation
- Amino acid attachment site (3’ end): Covalently binds to specific amino acids
Importance of tRNA in protein synthesis

Slide 23

Overview of protein synthesis
- Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA from DNA template
- Translation: Synthesis of polypeptide chain using mRNA template and tRNA molecules
Ribosomes: Protein-RNA complexes responsible for translation
- Large and small subunits
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins

Slide 24

Initiation of translation
- mRNA binding to small ribosomal subunit
- Initiation factors facilitate the assembly of the initiation complex
- Start codon recognition (AUG)
Elongation and termination of translation
- Addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain
- Stop codon recognition and release of the completed polypeptide chain

Slide 25

Ribosome recycling and post-translational modifications
- Release factors facilitate termination and ribosome recycling
- Polypeptide folding, modifications, and targeting
- Examples of post-translational modifications: phosphorylation, glycosylation

Slide 26

Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
Gene expression regulation at multiple levels
- Transcriptional regulation: control of gene expression during transcription
- Post-transcriptional regulation: control of mRNA stability and processing
- Translational regulation: control of protein synthesis during translation

Slide 27

Transcriptional regulation
- Promoters: DNA sequences where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription
- Regulatory factors: Proteins that either enhance or repress transcription
- Examples of regulatory factors: transcription factors, enhancers, repressors

Slide 28

Post-transcriptional regulation
- mRNA stability: regulated by factors that affect degradation rates
- RNA processing: alternative splicing of exons to generate different mRNA isoforms
- mRNA transport: localization of mRNA to specific cellular compartments

Slide 29

Translational regulation
- Initiation factors: regulate the assembly and activation of the translation machinery
- RNA-binding proteins: bind to mRNA and influence its translation efficiency
- Examples of translational regulation mechanisms: miRNA-mediated silencing, riboswitches

Slide 30

Genetic variation and evolution summary
- Importance of understanding the molecular basis of inheritance
- Introduction to genetic variation and its sources
- Mechanisms of evolution including natural selection and genetic drift
- Role of molecular clocks in estimating evolutionary divergence
- Applications of molecular techniques in studying evolution

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