Genetics and Evolution- Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Protein synthesis or translation

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Slide 1

• Introduction to molecular basis of inheritance
• Overview of protein synthesis or translation process
• Importance of protein synthesis in genetic expression

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Slide 2

• Overview of DNA structure
• Nucleotides and base pairing
• DNA replication as a precursor to protein synthesis

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Slide 3

• Transcription process
• RNA synthesis from DNA template
• Role of RNA polymerase and transcription factors

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Slide 4

• Three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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Slide 5

• Structure and function of mRNA
• Role of mRNA in carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
• Codons as three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA

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Slide 6

• Structure and function of tRNA
• Role of tRNA in transferring amino acids to ribosomes
• Anticodons as complementary sequences to codons on mRNA

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Slide 7

• Structure and function of rRNA
• Role of rRNA in protein synthesis
• Formation of ribosomes from rRNA and protein complexes

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Slide 8

• Initiation phase of translation
• Binding of mRNA to ribosomes
• Assembly of initiation complex including initiation factors

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Slide 9

• Elongation phase of translation
• Codon recognition by tRNA
• Peptide bond formation between amino acids

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Slide 10

• Termination phase of translation
• Recognition of stop codons
• Release of polypeptide chain and disassembly of ribosomes
  </li> </ul> <h2 id="slide-11">Slide 11</h2> <ul> <li>Biosynthesis of proteins</li> <li>Ribosome and its function in protein synthesis</li> <li>Formation of polypeptide chains</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-12">Slide 12</h2> <ul> <li>Genetic code and codons</li> <li>Universal nature of the genetic code</li> <li>Examples of codons and their corresponding amino acids</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-13">Slide 13</h2> <ul> <li>Role of tRNA in protein synthesis</li> <li>Charging of tRNA with specific amino acids</li> <li>Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme and its role</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-14">Slide 14</h2> <ul> <li>Wobble hypothesis</li> <li>Degeneracy of the genetic code</li> <li>Multiple codons coding for the same amino acid</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-15">Slide 15</h2> <ul> <li>Regulation of protein synthesis</li> <li>Control mechanisms at transcription and translation levels</li> <li>Examples of gene regulation in response to environmental cues</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-16">Slide 16</h2> <ul> <li>Importance of post-translational modifications</li> <li>Addition of functional groups or chemical modification of amino acids</li> <li>Examples of post-translational modifications and their significance</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-17">Slide 17</h2> <ul> <li>Errors in protein synthesis</li> <li>Types of mutations and their impact on protein structure and function</li> <li>Diseases and disorders associated with mutations in protein synthesis</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-18">Slide 18</h2> <ul> <li>Riboswitches as regulatory elements in mRNA</li> <li>Role of riboswitches in controlling gene expression</li> <li>Examples of riboswitches and their function</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-19">Slide 19</h2> <ul> <li>Techniques used to study protein synthesis</li> <li>In vitro translation systems</li> <li>Fluorescent labeling of proteins for visualization</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-20">Slide 20</h2> <ul> <li>Applications of understanding protein synthesis</li> <li>Drug discovery and development</li> <li>Genetic engineering and biotechnology advancements</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-21">Slide 21</h2> <ul> <li>Regulation of translation</li> <li>Translational control by microRNAs</li> <li>Role of microRNAs in post-transcriptional gene regulation</li> <li>Examples of microRNAs and their targets</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-22">Slide 22</h2> <ul> <li>Translational control by RNA-binding proteins</li> <li>Binding of RNA-binding proteins to specific sequences in mRNA</li> <li>Regulation of translation initiation or elongation</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-23">Slide 23</h2> <ul> <li>Regulation of translation by phosphorylation</li> <li>Phosphorylation of translation initiation factors</li> <li>Impact on the efficiency of translation</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-24">Slide 24</h2> <ul> <li>Translational efficiency and codon usage bias</li> <li>Influence of codon usage on translation speed and protein production</li> <li>Factors affecting codon usage bias in different organisms</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-25">Slide 25</h2> <ul> <li>Polyribosomes and simultaneous translation</li> <li>Formation of polysomes on mRNA</li> <li>Enhancement of translational efficiency</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-26">Slide 26</h2> <ul> <li>Post-translational modifications of proteins</li> <li>Phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and methylation</li> <li>Impact on protein structure, stability, and function</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-27">Slide 27</h2> <ul> <li>Protein folding and chaperones</li> <li>Role of chaperone proteins in proper folding of newly synthesized polypeptides</li> <li>Examples of chaperone proteins and their mechanisms</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-28">Slide 28</h2> <ul> <li>Quality control mechanisms in protein synthesis</li> <li>Protein degradation by proteasomes</li> <li>Role of ubiquitin in tagging proteins for degradation</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-29">Slide 29</h2> <ul> <li>Translation and human diseases</li> <li>Genetic disorders caused by defects in translation</li> <li>Examples of diseases associated with dysfunctional protein synthesis</li> </ul> <hr> <h2 id="slide-30">Slide 30</h2> <ul> <li>Future directions in protein synthesis research</li> <li>Advances in understanding translation mechanisms</li> <li>Potential applications in medicine and biotechnology</li> </ul> <p>=======</p> </div> </div> <script src="/reveal/dist/reveal.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/markdown/markdown.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/math/math.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/anything/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/notes/notes.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/chart/Chart.min.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/chart/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/menu/menu.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script> 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