Slide 1

• Topic: Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Promoter of protein-coding region DNA

• Introduction to the topic

---

Slide 2

• DNA: A brief overview
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid
  • Double helix structure
  • Composed of nucleotides

---

Slide 3

• Protein-coding regions
  • Genes contain instructions for making proteins
  • Exons: coding regions
  • Introns: non-coding regions

---

Slide 4

• Promoter region
  • Located upstream of protein-coding regions
  • Plays a crucial role in gene regulation
  • Initiates the transcription process

---

Slide 5

• Structure of the promoter region
  • Consists of DNA sequences
  • Contains specific motifs and binding sites
  • Interacts with transcription factors

---

Slide 6

• Transcription factors
  • Proteins that bind to the promoter region
  • Regulate gene expression
  • Can activate or repress transcription

---

Slide 7

• Types of promoter elements
  • TATA box: Conserved DNA sequence
  • CAAT box: Enhances transcription
  • GC box: Binding site for specific transcription factors

---

Slide 8

• Transcription initiation complex formation
  • Assembly of RNA polymerase and transcription factors
  • Binding of transcription factors to specific elements
  • Initiation of transcription

---

Slide 9

• Role of promoter in gene regulation
  • Determines when and how much a gene is expressed
  • Interactions with transcription factors control gene activity
  • Essential for proper cell development and response to stimuli

---

Slide 10

• Examples of promoter variations
  • Promoter strength can vary
  • Mutations can affect promoter function
  • Promoter differences contribute to genetic diversity

---

Slide 11

• Regulation of gene expression through promoter elements
  • TATA box: Recognized by TATA-binding protein (TBP)
  • CAAT box: Binds to CCAAT-binding proteins
  • GC box: Interacts with Sp1 transcription factors

Slide 12

• TATA box:
  • Located around -25 to -30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site
  • Helps in positioning RNA polymerase II at the start site
  • Acts as a nucleosome-free region to allow access for transcription factors

Slide 13

• CAAT box:
  • Found around -70 to -80 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site
  • Enhances the efficiency of transcription initiation
  • Provides stability to the pre-initiation complex

Slide 14

• GC box:
  • Situated around -90 to -100 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site
  • Contains repeats of the sequence GGGCGG or a variation of it
  • Acts as a binding site for specific transcription factors like Sp1

Slide 15

• Transcription start site:
  • Point where RNA polymerase starts synthesizing RNA
  • Designated as +1 nucleotide
  • Position relative to the promoter elements varies among genes

Slide 16

• Regulation through transcription factors
  • Different combinations of transcription factors lead to gene-specific expression
  • Binding or release of transcription factors determines gene activation or repression

Slide 17

• Enhancers:
  • Regions of DNA that can enhance or repress gene expression
  • Located upstream, downstream, or within the gene or even at long distances
  • Interact with promoter elements through DNA looping

Slide 18

• DNA looping:
  • Brings distant enhancers and promoter regions close together
  • Allows for transcriptional regulation over long distances
  • Mediated by proteins that bind to both the enhancer and promoter

Slide 19

• Enhancer-promoter interaction:
  • Involves the formation of a protein complex
  • Enhancer binding proteins recruit activators or repressors to the promoter
  • Activators enhance transcription, while repressors inhibit or reduce it

Slide 20

• Recap:
  • Promoter elements play a vital role in gene regulation
  • TATA box, CAAT box, and GC box serve as binding sites for transcription factors
  • Transcription factors and enhancers control gene expression
  • DNA looping brings enhancers and promoters closer together for regulation

Slide 21

• Examples of gene regulation by promoters
  • In lactose metabolism, the lac operon relies on a promoter to initiate gene expression
  • The promoter region determines when and how much lactose-digesting enzymes are produced in response to lactose availability

Slide 22

• Regulatory sequences in eukaryotes
  • Eukaryotic genes possess complex regulatory elements in their promoter regions
  • Enhancers, silencers, and insulators contribute to gene regulation
  • Binding of transcription factors to these elements influences gene expression

Slide 23

• Control of gene expression by promoter methylation
  • DNA methylation modifies the promoter region to inhibit gene expression
  • Methyl groups are added to cytosine residues in CpG islands
  • Methylation can prevent the binding of transcription factors and RNA polymerase

Slide 24

• Epigenetic regulation of promoters
  • Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, can regulate promoter activity
  • Alterations in these modifications can lead to abnormal gene expression patterns and diseases

Slide 25

• Promoter regions and genetic disorders
  • Mutations or variations in promoter regions can disrupt normal gene regulation and lead to genetic disorders
  • For example, mutations in the FIX gene promoter cause hemophilia B

Slide 26

• Promoter engineering and synthetic biology
  • Scientists can artificially engineer promoters to control gene expression in various applications
  • Synthetic promoters can be designed with specific properties to meet research or industrial needs

Slide 27

• Promoter analysis techniques
  • Various techniques are used to study promoter regions and their functions
  • DNA footprinting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and reporter gene assays provide insights into promoter activity and regulation

Slide 28

• Future directions in promoter research
  • Continued exploration of promoter elements and their interactions with transcription factors
  • Advancements in genome editing techniques for precise modification of promoter sequences
  • Understanding the impact of promoter variations on gene expression and disease susceptibility

Slide 29

• Summary
  • Promoter regions are essential for gene regulation and initiation of transcription
  • They contain specific elements that interact with transcription factors
  • Enhancers and other regulatory sequences influence promoter activity
  • Promoter mutations or modifications can lead to genetic disorders
  • Promoter engineering and analysis techniques aid in understanding and manipulating gene expression

Slide 30

• Questions (interactive slide)
  • What are the three types of promoter elements typically found in eukaryotic genes?
  • How does DNA looping contribute to gene regulation?
  • Describe the process of transcription initiation complex formation.
  • Can promoter variations affect gene expression? Give an example.
  • How are synthetic promoters used in synthetic biology applications?

Note: Please remove the text enclosed in the tags before using the slides.</p> </div> </div> <script src="/reveal/dist/reveal.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/markdown/markdown.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/math/math.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/anything/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/notes/notes.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/chart/Chart.min.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/chart/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/menu/menu.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/audio-slideshow/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/audio-slideshow/recorder.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/audio-slideshow/RecordRTC.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/copycode/copycode.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/RevealEditor-master/revealeditor.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/jump/jump.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/zoom/zoom.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/clipboard.js/2.0.6/clipboard.min.js"></script> <script> Reveal.initialize({ slideNumber: true, controls: true, controlsTutorial: true, progress: true, transition: 'fade', highlight: { escapeHTML: false }, customcontrols: { controls: [ { icon: '<i class="fa fa-pen-square"></i>', title: 'Toggle chalkboard (B)', action: 'RevealChalkboard.toggleChalkboard();' }, { icon: '<i class="fa fa-pen"></i>', title: 'Toggle notes canvas (C)', action: 'RevealChalkboard.toggleNotesCanvas();' } ] }, plugins: [RevealMath.KaTeX,RevealMarkdown, RevealHighlight, RevealNotes, RevealAnything, RevealMenu, RevealChalkboard, RevealChart, RevealAudioSlideshow, RevealAudioRecorder, CopyCode, RevealZoom], }); function transformCallouts() { var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal .slides section'); slides.forEach(function (slide) { var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Success"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-success"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Default"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-default"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Warning"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-warning"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Primary"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-primary"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Danger"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-danger"); } }); }; function addrfit() { var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal'); slides.forEach(function (slide) { var temp = document.getElementsByTagName("h2"); if (temp.length > 0) { for (let i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) { temp[i].classList.add("r-fit-text"); } } var temp3 = document.getElementsByTagName("h1"); if (temp3.length > 0) { for (let i = 0; i < temp3.length; i++) { temp3[i].classList.add("r-fit-text"); } } var temp6 = document.getElementsByClassName("text-container"); if (temp6.length > 0) { for (let i = 0; i < temp6.length; i++) { var charcount = 0; var ptags = temp6[i].getElementsByTagName("p"); try { for (let j = 0; j < ptags.length; j++) { temp = ptags[j].outerText.replaceAll(" ", ""); temp = temp.replaceAll("\n", ""); charcount += temp.length; } } catch (err) { console.log(err); } var font = 35; if (charcount > 50 && charcount < 100) { font = 35; } else if (charcount > 100 && charcount < 120) { font = 33; } else if (charcount > 120 && charcount < 150) { font = 33; } else if (charcount > 150 && charcount < 170) { font = 31; } else if (charcount > 170 && charcount < 200) { font = 30; } else if (charcount > 200 && charcount < 230) { font = 29; } else if (charcount > 230 && charcount < 250) { font = 28; } else if (charcount > 250 && charcount < 270) { font = 27; } else if (charcount > 270 && charcount < 300) { font = 25; } else if (charcount > 300 && charcount < 330) { font = 23; } else if (charcount > 330 && charcount < 360) { font = 24; } else if (charcount > 360 && charcount < 390) { font = 22; } else if (charcount > 390 && charcount < 420) { font = 21; } else if (charcount > 420) { font = 20; } temp6[i].style.fontSize = `${font}px`; } } }) } Reveal.addEventListener('ready', addrfit); Reveal.addEventListener('ready', transformCallouts); </script> <script> function adjustFontSize(element) { let fontSize = parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(element).fontSize); const parentWidth = element.parentNode.offsetWidth; while (element.scrollHeight > element.offsetHeight || element.scrollWidth > parentWidth) { fontSize -= 1; element.style.fontSize = fontSize + 'px'; } } function checkOverflow() { const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.left, .right'); elements.forEach(element => { adjustFontSize(element); }); } window.addEventListener('load', checkOverflow); window.addEventListener('resize', checkOverflow); </script> </body> </html>