Genetics and Evolution- Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Life cycle of Bacteriphage

Genetics and Evolution: Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Life cycle of Bacteriophage

Slide 1

Introduction to the topic: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Definition of Bacteriophage
Importance of studying the life cycle of Bacteriophage

Slide 2

Bacteriophage: A type of virus that infects bacteria
Structure of Bacteriophage:
- Head or capsid
- Tail sheath
- Tail fibers
Attachment and entry of Bacteriophage into the bacterial host cell

Slide 3

Lytic cycle of Bacteriophage:
- Attachment and entry of Bacteriophage DNA into host cell
- Viral DNA replication
- Transcription and translation of viral genes
- Assembly of new phage particles
- Lysis of host cell and release of phages

Slide 4

Lysogenic cycle of Bacteriophage:
- Integration of phage DNA into host cell genome
- Replication along with host DNA
- Transmission of prophage to daughter cells
- Activation of the lytic cycle when triggered

Slide 5

Comparison between Lytic and Lysogenic cycles:
- Lytic Cycle:
  - Rapid and productive
  - Kills the host cell
- Lysogenic Cycle:
  - Slow and non-destructive initially
  - Allows replication and transmission of the prophage

Slide 6

Regulation of Lysogenic Cycle:
- Repressor protein
- Activation by DNA damage or other stress signals
- Role of prophage in horizontal gene transfer

Slide 7

Role of bacteriophages in genetic recombination
Transduction as a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer
Generalized and specialized transduction

Slide 8

Applications of knowledge about Bacteriophages:
- Phage therapy for bacterial infections
- Use of phages in genetic engineering and biotechnology
- Study of viral genetics and evolution

Slide 9

Molecular Biology techniques used in studying Bacteriophages:
- DNA extraction and purification
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Gel electrophoresis
- DNA sequencing and analysis

Slide 10

Conclusion:
- Importance of studying the life cycle of Bacteriophage in understanding genetic processes
- Applications and relevance in various fields of biology
- Future prospects and advancements in phage research

Slide 11

Introduction to Genetics and Evolution
Definition of genetics and evolution
Importance of understanding the molecular basis of inheritance

Slide 12

DNA: The hereditary molecule
Structure of DNA:
- Double helix
- Complementary base pairing (A-T, G-C)
DNA replication:
- Semi-conservative mechanism
- Role of DNA polymerase

Slide 13

Central dogma of molecular biology:
- DNA transcription
- RNA translation
Types of RNA:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Slide 14

Genetic code:
- Codons and amino acids
- Start and stop codons
- Degeneracy of the genetic code
Examples of genetic disorders caused by mutations

Slide 15

Gene expression and regulation:
- Transcription factors and promoters
- Enhancers and silencers
- Regulation of gene expression by microRNAs

Slide 16

Gene regulation in prokaryotes:
- Lac operon
- Trp operon
Examples of positive and negative control of gene expression

Slide 17

DNA sequencing techniques:
- Sanger sequencing
- Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
Applications of DNA sequencing in genomics and personalized medicine

Slide 18

Evolution: Driving force of biodiversity
Evidence for evolution:
- Paleontological evidence
- Comparative anatomy and homology
- Molecular biology and homologous genes

Slide 19

Process of natural selection:
- Variation within a population
- Struggle for existence
- Survival of the fittest
Examples of natural selection in action

Slide 20

Speciation: Origin of new species
Types of isolation:
- Geographic isolation
- Reproductive isolation
Mechanisms of speciation:
- Allopatric speciation
- Sympatric speciation

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Slide 21

Genetic variation and adaptation:
- Causes of genetic variation:
  - Mutation
  - Genetic recombination
  - Gene flow
- Role of genetic variation in adaptation to changing environments
Examples of adaptation in organisms:
- Camouflage in animals
- Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Slide 22

Mechanisms of evolution:
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Gene flow
- Mutation
The role of each mechanism in shaping the genetic makeup of populations

Slide 23

Hardy-Weinberg principle:
- Definition of allele frequency and genotype frequency
- Conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- Calculation of allele frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg equation
Example calculations using the Hardy-Weinberg equation

Slide 24

Evidence for human evolution:
- Fossil evidence
- Comparative anatomy
- Molecular evidence (DNA sequencing and analysis)
The impact of human evolution on modern human populations

Slide 25

Phylogenetic tree and classification:
- Definition of phylogeny and taxonomy
- Construction of phylogenetic trees based on evolutionary relationships
- Evolutionary classification and the Linnaean system
Example of a phylogenetic tree for a group of organisms

Slide 26

Coevolution:
- Definition of coevolution
- Examples of coevolutionary relationships:
  - Predator-prey relationships
  - Mutualistic relationships
  - Host-parasite relationships
The role of coevolution in shaping biodiversity

Slide 27

Evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-devo):
- Definition of Evo-devo
- The role of developmental genes in evolution
- Evo-devo and the origin of body plans
Examples of Evo-devo research and its implications in evolutionary biology

Slide 28

Molecular clock hypothesis:
- Definition of molecular clock
- Rate of molecular evolution
- Use of molecular clocks in estimating divergence times
Limitations and challenges of the molecular clock hypothesis

Slide 29

Genomics and post-genomics era:
- Definition of genomics
- DNA sequencing technology and the Human Genome Project
- Applications of genomics in medicine and agriculture
Post-genomics era: Proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics

Slide 30

Conclusion:
- Recap of key points discussed in the lecture
- Importance of understanding the molecular basis of inheritance in genetics and evolution
- Relevance of studying the life cycle of Bacteriophage in molecular biology research
- Future directions and advancements in the field of genetics and evolution