Genetics and Evolution: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Let’s Think Over These Questions

======

Slide 1

• What is the molecular basis of inheritance?
• How do genes determine our traits?
• What are the different types of inheritance patterns?
• How does DNA replication occur?
• How is genetic information translated into proteins?

======

Slide 2

• Genetic material is composed of DNA
• DNA stands for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
• DNA is a double-stranded helical molecule

======

Slide 3

• DNA consists of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
• Base pairing occurs between A and T, and between C and G
• The sequence of bases in DNA carries genetic information

======

Slide 4

• Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins
• Genes are responsible for the traits we inherit from our parents
• Different versions of genes are called alleles

======

Slide 5

• Chromosomes are structures in the nucleus that contain DNA
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
• Each chromosome contains numerous genes

======

Slide 6

• Inheritance patterns can be classified into different types: dominant, recessive, codominant, and incomplete dominance
• Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles
• Codominant alleles both contribute to the phenotype

======

Slide 7

• Mendel’s laws of inheritance: Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment
• Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate during gamete formation
• Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits segregate independently

======

Slide 8

• DNA replication is the process of making copies of DNA
• It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle
• DNA strands separate and new complementary strands are synthesized

======

Slide 9

• The central dogma of molecular biology: DNA → RNA → Protein
• Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA
• Translation is the process of making proteins from RNA

======

Slide 10

• Transcription occurs in the nucleus
• RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and synthesizes RNA using complementary base pairing
• The RNA molecule is then modified and transported out of the nucleus

Slide 11

• Translation occurs in the cytoplasm
• mRNA binds to a ribosome and is read in groups of three bases called codons
• Each codon codes for a specific amino acid

======

Slide 12

• The genetic code is the set of rules that determines how codons are translated into amino acids
• There are 64 possible codons, and most amino acids are coded for by multiple codons
• Some codons signal for the start or stop of protein synthesis

======

Slide 13

• Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence
• They can be caused by various factors such as exposure to radiation or chemicals
• Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral depending on their effects on the organism

======

Slide 14

• Mutations can occur in somatic cells or germ cells
• Somatic mutations are not passed on to offspring
• Germ cell mutations can be inherited by future generations

======

Slide 15

• Genetic disorders are caused by mutations in specific genes
• Examples of genetic disorders include sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington’s disease
• Genetic counseling and testing can help individuals understand their risk of inherited disorders

======

Slide 16

• Genetic variation is essential for evolution
• Mutation and genetic recombination are the primary sources of genetic variation
• Genetic variation allows for adaptation to changing environments

======

Slide 17

• Natural selection is the process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
• It leads to the gradual change of a population over time
• The principle of “survival of the fittest” is central to natural selection

======

Slide 18

• Genetic drift is a random process that can cause changes in gene frequencies in a population
• It is more influential in small populations
• Genetic drift can lead to the loss of alleles or the fixation of alleles

======

Slide 19

• Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another through migration or interbreeding
• It can increase genetic diversity within a population
• Gene flow can introduce new traits into a population

======

Slide 20

• Speciation is the process by which new species evolve from existing ones
• It can occur through geographic isolation, genetic divergence, and reproductive isolation
• Speciation plays a crucial role in the diversity of life on Earth.
  </li> </ul> <h2 id="slide-21">Slide 21</h2> <ul> <li>Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism’s genes to achieve desired traits</li> <li>Techniques such as recombinant DNA technology and gene editing are used</li> <li>Applications of genetic engineering include genetically modified crops, gene therapy, and the production of pharmaceuticals</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-22">Slide 22</h2> <ul> <li>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence</li> <li>It involves cycles of heating and cooling to denature and amplify the DNA</li> <li>PCR is widely used in research, forensic analysis, and diagnostic testing</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-23">Slide 23</h2> <ul> <li>DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to identify individuals by analyzing their DNA</li> <li>It relies on the uniqueness of an individual’s DNA sequence</li> <li>DNA fingerprinting is used in forensic investigations, paternity testing, and wildlife conservation</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-24">Slide 24</h2> <ul> <li>Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their products to create useful products or processes</li> <li>Examples of biotechnology include the production of antibiotics, genetic engineering, and fermentation</li> <li>Biotechnology plays a vital role in medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-25">Slide 25</h2> <ul> <li>Evolution is the process of change in populations over time</li> <li>It occurs through mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow</li> <li>Evolution explains the diversity and adaptation of organisms on Earth</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-26">Slide 26</h2> <ul> <li>The theory of evolution was proposed by Charles Darwin in the 19th century</li> <li>It states that all species are descended from a common ancestor through a process of gradual change and natural selection</li> <li>Darwin’s theory revolutionized our understanding of the natural world</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-27">Slide 27</h2> <ul> <li>Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular evidence</li> <li>Fossils provide a record of past life forms and their evolution over time</li> <li>Comparative anatomy reveals similarities and differences in the structures of different species</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-28">Slide 28</h2> <ul> <li>The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes the conditions under which allele frequencies in a population remain constant over generations</li> <li>It assumes a large population size, random mating, no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection</li> <li>The Hardy-Weinberg principle is a null model used to study the forces of evolution</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-29">Slide 29</h2> <ul> <li>Speciation can occur through allopatric speciation or sympatric speciation</li> <li>Allopatric speciation occurs when populations become geographically isolated</li> <li>Sympatric speciation occurs when new species evolve within the same geographic area</li> </ul> <p>======</p> <h2 id="slide-30">Slide 30</h2> <ul> <li>Human evolution is a fascinating area of study</li> <li>Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world</li> <li>Fossil evidence and genetic studies provide insights into our evolutionary history</li> </ul> <p>======</p> </div> </div> <script src="/reveal/dist/reveal.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/markdown/markdown.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/math/math.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/anything/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/notes/notes.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/chart/Chart.min.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/chart/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/menu/menu.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/audio-slideshow/plugin.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/audio-slideshow/recorder.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/audio-slideshow/RecordRTC.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/copycode/copycode.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/RevealEditor-master/revealeditor.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/jump/jump.js"></script> <script src="/reveal/plugin/zoom/zoom.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/clipboard.js/2.0.6/clipboard.min.js"></script> <script> Reveal.initialize({ slideNumber: true, controls: true, controlsTutorial: true, progress: true, transition: 'fade', highlight: { escapeHTML: false }, customcontrols: { controls: [ { icon: '<i class="fa fa-pen-square"></i>', title: 'Toggle chalkboard (B)', action: 'RevealChalkboard.toggleChalkboard();' }, { icon: '<i class="fa fa-pen"></i>', title: 'Toggle notes canvas (C)', action: 'RevealChalkboard.toggleNotesCanvas();' } ] }, plugins: [RevealMath.KaTeX,RevealMarkdown, RevealHighlight, RevealNotes, RevealAnything, RevealMenu, RevealChalkboard, RevealChart, RevealAudioSlideshow, RevealAudioRecorder, CopyCode, RevealZoom], }); function transformCallouts() { var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal .slides section'); slides.forEach(function (slide) { var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Success"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-success"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Default"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-default"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Warning"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-warning"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Primary"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-primary"); } var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Danger"); for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { data[i].classList.add("callout"); data[i].classList.add("callout-danger"); } }); }; function addrfit() { var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal'); slides.forEach(function (slide) { var temp = document.getElementsByTagName("h2"); if (temp.length > 0) { for (let i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) { temp[i].classList.add("r-fit-text"); } } var temp3 = document.getElementsByTagName("h1"); if (temp3.length > 0) { for (let i = 0; i < temp3.length; i++) { temp3[i].classList.add("r-fit-text"); } } var temp6 = document.getElementsByClassName("text-container"); if (temp6.length > 0) { for (let i = 0; i < temp6.length; i++) { var charcount = 0; var ptags = temp6[i].getElementsByTagName("p"); try { for (let j = 0; j < ptags.length; j++) { temp = ptags[j].outerText.replaceAll(" ", ""); temp = temp.replaceAll("\n", ""); charcount += temp.length; } } catch (err) { console.log(err); } var font = 35; if (charcount > 50 && charcount < 100) { font = 35; } else if (charcount > 100 && charcount < 120) { font = 33; } else if (charcount > 120 && charcount < 150) { font = 33; } else if (charcount > 150 && charcount < 170) { font = 31; } else if (charcount > 170 && charcount < 200) { font = 30; } else if (charcount > 200 && charcount < 230) { font = 29; } else if (charcount > 230 && charcount < 250) { font = 28; } else if (charcount > 250 && charcount < 270) { font = 27; } else if (charcount > 270 && charcount < 300) { font = 25; } else if (charcount > 300 && charcount < 330) { font = 23; } else if (charcount > 330 && charcount < 360) { font = 24; } else if (charcount > 360 && charcount < 390) { font = 22; } else if (charcount > 390 && charcount < 420) { font = 21; } else if (charcount > 420) { font = 20; } temp6[i].style.fontSize = `${font}px`; } } }) } Reveal.addEventListener('ready', addrfit); Reveal.addEventListener('ready', transformCallouts); </script> <script> function adjustFontSize(element) { let fontSize = parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(element).fontSize); const parentWidth = element.parentNode.offsetWidth; while (element.scrollHeight > element.offsetHeight || element.scrollWidth > parentWidth) { fontSize -= 1; element.style.fontSize = fontSize + 'px'; } } function checkOverflow() { const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.left, .right'); elements.forEach(element => { adjustFontSize(element); }); } window.addEventListener('load', checkOverflow); window.addEventListener('resize', checkOverflow); </script> </body> </html>