Genetics and Evolution

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Recombinant DNA Technology

Basics of Recombinant DNA Technology

• Recombinant DNA technology involves the manipulation of genetic material
• Allows the transfer of genes between unrelated organisms
• Involves the use of restriction enzymes, vectors, and DNA ligase
• Key steps: DNA extraction, gene cloning, and gene expression

DNA Extraction

• Isolation of DNA from the source organism
• Can be done using various methods such as cell lysis and precipitation
• The extracted DNA can be used as the source for gene cloning

Gene Cloning

• Involves the insertion of a desired gene into a vector
• Vectors can be plasmids, phages, or other DNA molecules
• Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA and the vector
• DNA ligase is used to join the DNA fragments together

Gene Expression

• The cloned gene is inserted into a suitable host organism
• The host organism then expresses the gene and produces the desired protein
• Expression can be regulated by controlling the gene promoter and other regulatory elements

Examples of Recombinant DNA Technology

• Production of genetically modified crops
• Development of therapeutic proteins such as insulin and growth hormones
• Creation of genetically modified organisms for research purposes

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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Genetics and Evolution - Molecular Basis of Inheritance - DNA polymerase of prokaryotes and their function

• Prokaryotes have multiple DNA polymerase enzymes
• DNA polymerase I
• DNA polymerase II
• DNA polymerase III
• DNA polymerase IV
• DNA polymerase V

DNA Polymerase I

• Functions in DNA repair and replication
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase II

• Involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• 5’ to 3’ polymerase activity
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase III

• Main enzyme responsible for DNA replication
• Consists of three subunits: α, ε, and θ
• 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

DNA Polymerase IV

• Participates in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Translesion synthesis (replicates past damaged DNA)

DNA Polymerase V

• Also involved in DNA repair mechanisms
• Error-prone polymerase
• Helps in replicating damaged DNA

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