Slide 1

• Topic: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Introduction to Genetics and Evolution
• Importance of understanding the Molecular Basis of Inheritance in Biology
• Overview of the different parts of a chromosome
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 2

• Definition of a chromosome
• Structure of a chromosome
  • Centromere
  • Telomere
  • Sister chromatids
• Types of chromosomes
  • Autosomal chromosomes
  • Sex chromosomes
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 3

• Importance of chromosomes in the process of inheritance
• Role of chromosomes in carrying genetic information
• Link between DNA and chromosomes
• Bullet point
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Slide 4

• DNA: The hereditary molecule
• Structure of DNA
  • Double helix
  • Nucleotides
  • Complementary base pairing
• Discovery of DNA structure
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 5

• Chemical composition of DNA
• Four nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Explanation of base pairing rules
• Examples of base pairing: A-T, G-C
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 6

• DNA replication: Ensuring inheritance of genetic information
• Steps of DNA replication
  1. Separation of DNA strands
  2. Complementary base pairing
  3. Formation of new DNA strands
• Importance of DNA replication
• Bullet point
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Slide 7

• DNA replication: Enzymes involved
• DNA helicase: Unwinds the double helix
• DNA polymerase: Adds new nucleotides
• DNA ligase: Joins Okazaki fragments
• Explanation of Okazaki fragments
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 8

• Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from DNA
• Steps of transcription
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
• Role of RNA polymerase in transcription
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 9

• Types of RNA
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Functions of each type of RNA
• Examples of RNA in protein synthesis
• Bullet point
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Slide 10

• Translation: Protein synthesis from RNA
• Steps of translation
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
• Role of ribosomes in translation
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

Slide 11

• Chromosome abnormalities
  • Numerical abnormalities
    • Aneuploidy: Abnormal number of chromosomes
      • Trisomy: Extra chromosome
      • Monosomy: Missing chromosome
    • Polyploidy: Extra sets of chromosomes
  • Structural abnormalities
    • Deletion: Part of a chromosome is missing
    • Duplication: Part of a chromosome is duplicated
    • Inversion: Segment of a chromosome is reversed
    • Translocation: Exchange of chromosome segments between non-homologous chromosomes
  • Examples of chromosome abnormalities in humans
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 12

• Chromosome mapping
  • Genetic linkage
    • Definition of genetic linkage
    • Discovery of genetic linkage
    • Linkage maps: Constructing a chromosome map
  • Recombination frequency
    • Definition of recombination frequency
    • Calculation of recombination frequency
    • Mapping genes based on recombination frequency
  • Examples of chromosome mapping studies
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 13

• DNA sequencing
  • Importance of DNA sequencing
  • Sanger sequencing
    • Principle of Sanger sequencing
    • Steps of Sanger sequencing
  • Next-generation sequencing
    • Advantages of next-generation sequencing
    • Application of next-generation sequencing
  • Examples of DNA sequencing projects
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 14

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • Definition and purpose of PCR
  • Steps of PCR
    1. Denaturation
    2. Annealing
    3. Extension
  • Importance and applications of PCR
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 15

• DNA fingerprinting
  • Definition and purpose of DNA fingerprinting
  • DNA fingerprinting techniques
    • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
    • Short tandem repeats (STR)
    • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • Application of DNA fingerprinting
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 16

• Gene expression and regulation
  • Control of gene expression
    • Transcriptional control
    • Post-transcriptional control
    • Translational control
    • Post-translational control
  • Gene regulatory elements
    • Promoters
    • Enhancers
    • Silencers
  • Examples of gene expression regulation
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 17

• Recombinant DNA technology
  • Definition and purpose of recombinant DNA technology
  • Steps of recombinant DNA technology
    1. Isolation of DNA
    2. Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes
    3. Joining DNA fragments with DNA ligase
    4. Cloning of recombinant DNA
  • Applications of recombinant DNA technology
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 18

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
  • Definition and purpose of GMOs
  • Methods of genetic modification
    • Gene insertion
    • Gene knockout
    • Gene silencing
  • Benefits and concerns of GMOs
  • Examples of GMOs
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 19

• Human Genome Project
  • Purpose of the Human Genome Project
  • Goals and achievements of the Human Genome Project
  • Impact of the Human Genome Project
  • Ethical considerations of the Human Genome Project
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 20

• Evolutionary significance of the Molecular Basis of Inheritance
  • Evidence for evolution from molecular biology
    • Homologous genes and proteins
    • Genetic similarities between species
    • Molecular clocks
  • Molecular basis of mutations
    • Point mutations
    • Insertions and deletions
    • Chromosomal rearrangements
  • Impact of molecular biology on our understanding of evolution
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

Slide 21

• Histones: Proteins that help in DNA packaging
  • Role of histones in chromosome structure
  • Organization of DNA around histones
• Nucleosomes: DNA-histone complexes
  • Composition of nucleosomes
  • Importance of nucleosomes in chromosome packing
• Higher levels of chromosome organization
  • 30-nm fiber
  • Loop domains
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 22

• Telomeres: Protecting chromosome ends
  • Structure of telomeres
  • Role of telomeres in chromosome stability
  • Telomerase enzyme: Maintaining telomere length
• Centromeres: Essential for proper chromosome segregation
  • Role of centromeres in cell division
  • Formation of kinetochores
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 23

• Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes: Differences
  • Organization of genetic material in eukaryotes
  • Organization of genetic material in prokaryotes
• Plasmids: Extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria
  • Definition of plasmids
  • Functions of plasmids
  • Examples of plasmids
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 24

• DNA vs RNA: Differences and Similarities
  • Structure of DNA and RNA
  • Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA
  • Sugar molecule in DNA and RNA
  • Role of DNA and RNA in heredity
• Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
  • Flow of genetic information
  • DNA → RNA → Protein
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 25

• Genetic Code: Decoding DNA into Proteins
  • Definition of genetic code
  • Codons: Triplets of nucleotides
  • Start codon and stop codons
  • Examples of codons and corresponding amino acids
• Wobble hypothesis: Explaining degeneracy in genetic code
  • Definition of degeneracy
  • Wobble base pairing rules
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 26

• Mutations: Changes in DNA Sequence
  • Definition of mutations
  • Causes of mutations
    • Spontaneous mutations
    • Induced mutations
  • Different types of mutations
    • Point mutations
    • Insertions and deletions
    • Frameshift mutations
• Mutagenesis: Inducing mutations in the laboratory
  • Examples of mutagens
  • Applications of mutagenesis
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 27

• Genetic Disorders: Result of Mutations
  • Inherited genetic disorders
    • Chromosomal abnormalities
    • Single gene disorders
    • Polygenic disorders
  • Examples of genetic disorders
    • Down syndrome
    • Cystic fibrosis
    • Huntington’s disease
    • Sickle cell anemia
• Genetic testing and counseling
  • Importance of genetic testing
  • Genetic counseling process
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 28

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Amplifying DNA
  • Principle of PCR
  • Steps of PCR
    • Denaturation
    • Annealing
    • Extension
  • Applications of PCR
    • DNA sequencing
    • Diagnosis of genetic disorders
    • Forensic analysis
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 29

• Genomics: Study of Whole Genomes
  • Definition of genomics
  • Human Genome Project: First complete human genome sequence
    • Goals and achievements of the Human Genome Project
    • Impact on medicine and biology
  • Comparative genomics: Comparing genomes of different species
    • Evolutionary insights from comparative genomics
    • Applications in medicine and agriculture
• Bullet point
• Bullet point

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Slide 30

• Bioinformatics: Utilizing Computational Tools for Biology
  • Definition of bioinformatics
  • Applications of bioinformatics
    • Predicting protein structure and function
    • Comparative genomics analysis
    • Drug discovery and design
  • Challenges and future directions in bioinformatics
• Bullet point
• Bullet point