Slide 1:

Genetics and Evolution

Evolution - Biological Evolution

Slide 2:

Definition of evolution:
- The process of change in all forms of life over generations
- It occurs due to heritable variations and natural selection

Slide 3:

Theories of evolution:
- Lamarckism
- Darwinism
- Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution

Slide 4:

Lamarckism:
- Proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
- Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
- Example: Giraffes developing long necks due to stretching to reach leaves

Slide 5:

Darwinism:
- Proposed by Charles Darwin
- Theory of natural selection
- Descent with modification
- Example: Finches of Galapagos Islands adapting to different environments

Slide 6:

Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution:
- Also known as Neo-Darwinian theory
- Combines ideas of Darwinism and genetics
- Emphasizes the role of mutations and genetic variation

Slide 7:

Evidences of evolution:
- Fossils
- Comparative anatomy
- Comparative embryology
- Molecular biology

Slide 8:

Fossils:
- Preserved remains or traces of past organisms
- Provide evidence of extinct species and intermediate forms

Slide 9:

Comparative anatomy:
- Study of similarities and differences in the structure of organisms
- Homologous structures, vestigial organs, and analogous structures

Slide 10:

Comparative embryology:
- Study of similarities and differences in the embryonic development of organisms
- Reveals common ancestry and evolutionary relationships

======" Slide 11:

Molecular biology:
- Study of molecular structures and processes in living organisms
- DNA sequencing and analysis provide evidence of evolutionary relationships
- Example: Comparing the DNA sequences of different species

Slide 12:

Hardy-Weinberg principle:
- States that the frequencies of alleles in a population will remain constant if certain conditions are met
- Equilibrium equation: p² + 2pq + q² = 1
- Example: Calculating allele frequencies in a population

Slide 13:

Genetic drift:
- Random changes in allele frequencies over generations
- More pronounced in small populations
- Example: Founder effect and bottleneck effect

Slide 14:

Gene flow:
- Transfer of genes between populations through migration and interbreeding
- Increases genetic variation within a population
- Example: Introduction of new genes through migration

Slide 15:

Mutation:
- Changes in DNA sequence that create new genetic variation
- Can occur spontaneously or due to external factors
- Example: Point mutations and chromosomal mutations

Slide 16:

Natural selection:
- Process by which advantageous traits become more common in a population
- Acts on variations that provide a selective advantage in a given environment
- Example: Peppered moth and industrial melanism

Slide 17:

Types of natural selection:
- Stabilizing selection
- Directional selection
- Disruptive selection

Slide 18:

Stabilizing selection:
- Favors average phenotypes and reduces variation
- Example: Birth weight in humans

Slide 19:

Directional selection:
- Favors individuals with extreme phenotypes, leading to a shift in the population’s characteristics
- Example: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Slide 20:

Disruptive selection:
- Favors individuals with extreme phenotypes at both ends of the distribution, leading to the formation of two distinct groups
- Example: Beak size in finches

Slide 21:</p>
<h1 id="mechanisms-of-evolution">Mechanisms of Evolution</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Mutation:</p>
<ul>
<li>Introduces new alleles into a population</li>
<li>Can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral</li>
<li>Mutation rate is influenced by various factors</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Gene Flow:</p>
<ul>
<li>Transfer of genes between populations due to migration and interbreeding</li>
<li>Enhances genetic diversity within a population</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Genetic Drift:</p>
<ul>
<li>Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events</li>
<li>More significant in small populations</li>
<li>Founder effect and bottleneck effect</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 22:</p>
<h1 id="types-of-speciation">Types of Speciation</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Allopatric Speciation:</p>
<ul>
<li>Geographic isolation leads to the formation of new species</li>
<li>Example: Islands or physical barriers separating populations</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Sympatric Speciation:</p>
<ul>
<li>Speciation occurs within the same geographic area</li>
<li>Due to factors like polyploidy, habitat differentiation, or sexual selection</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Parapatric Speciation:</p>
<ul>
<li>Occurs when populations are separated by an extreme change in habitat</li>
<li>Limited gene flow between populations</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 23:</p>
<h1 id="adaptive-radiation">Adaptive Radiation</h1>
<ul>
<li>Rapid diversification of a single ancestral lineage into various ecological niches</li>
<li>In response to new environments or evolutionary opportunities</li>
<li>Example: Galapagos finches and their beak adaptations</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 24:</p>
<h1 id="convergent-and-divergent-evolution">Convergent and Divergent Evolution</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Convergent Evolution:</p>
<ul>
<li>Unrelated organisms evolve similar traits due to similar selective pressures</li>
<li>Example: Wings of bats and birds for flying</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Divergent Evolution:</p>
<ul>
<li>Related species evolve different traits due to different selective pressures</li>
<li>Leads to the formation of new species</li>
<li>Example: Ancestral mammals diversifying into various groups</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 25:</p>
<h1 id="coevolution">Coevolution</h1>
<ul>
<li>Two or more species evolve in response to each other’s selective pressures</li>
<li>Mutualistic, parasitic, or predator-prey relationships</li>
<li>Example: Plants and pollinators, predator and prey adaptations</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 26:</p>
<h1 id="hardy-weinberg-law">Hardy-Weinberg Law</h1>
<ul>
<li>Explains the genetic equilibrium in populations</li>
<li>If certain conditions are met, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant over generations</li>
<li>The equation: p² + 2pq + q² = 1</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 27:</p>
<h1 id="genetic-disorders">Genetic Disorders</h1>
<ul>
<li>Genetic disorders can be inherited or caused by mutations</li>
<li>Examples: Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome</li>
<li>Genetic counseling and testing can help in managing these disorders</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 28:</p>
<h1 id="evolutionary-biology-techniques">Evolutionary Biology Techniques</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Comparative genomics:</p>
<ul>
<li>Analyzing genomes of different organisms to understand their evolutionary relationships</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Phylogenetic trees:</p>
<ul>
<li>Diagrams that depict the evolutionary relationships between different species</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Molecular clock:</p>
<ul>
<li>Estimating the time of divergence between different species based on genetic mutations</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Paleontology:</p>
<ul>
<li>Studying fossils to understand the evolution of life on Earth</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 29:</p>
<h1 id="human-evolution">Human Evolution</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Hominid evolution:</p>
<ul>
<li>The evolutionary history of humans and their ancestors</li>
<li>Includes species like Australopithecines, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo sapiens</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Out-of-Africa theory:</p>
<ul>
<li>Suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Slide 30:</p>
<h1 id="applications-of-evolutionary-biology">Applications of Evolutionary Biology</h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Agriculture:</p>
<ul>
<li>Breeding crops and livestock for desired traits</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Medicine:</p>
<ul>
<li>Understanding the genetic basis of diseases and developing treatments</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Conservation:</p>
<ul>
<li>Preserving biodiversity and managing endangered species</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Forensics:</p>
<ul>
<li>Using DNA analysis to solve criminal cases</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>=======================================================</p>

</div>
				</div>

function transformCallouts() {
      var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal .slides section');
      slides.forEach(function (slide) {
        var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Success");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-success");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Default");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-default");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Warning");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-warning");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Primary");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-primary");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Danger");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-danger");
        }
      });
    };

function addrfit() {
      var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal');
      slides.forEach(function (slide) {
        var temp = document.getElementsByTagName("h2");

if (temp.length > 0) {
          for (let i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) {
            temp[i].classList.add("r-fit-text");
          }
        }

var temp3 = document.getElementsByTagName("h1");

if (temp3.length > 0) {
          for (let i = 0; i < temp3.length; i++) {
            temp3[i].classList.add("r-fit-text");
          }
        }

var temp6 = document.getElementsByClassName("text-container");

if (temp6.length > 0) {
          for (let i = 0; i < temp6.length; i++) {
            var charcount = 0;
            var ptags = temp6[i].getElementsByTagName("p");
            try {
              for (let j = 0; j < ptags.length; j++) {
                temp = ptags[j].outerText.replaceAll(" ", "");
                temp = temp.replaceAll("\n", "");
                charcount += temp.length;
              }
            } catch (err) {
              console.log(err);
            }

var font = 35;

if (charcount > 50 && charcount < 100) {
              font = 35;
            } else if (charcount > 100 && charcount < 120) {
              font = 33;
            } else if (charcount > 120 && charcount < 150) {
              font = 33;
            } else if (charcount > 150 && charcount < 170) {
              font = 31;
            } else if (charcount > 170 && charcount < 200) {
              font = 30;
            } else if (charcount > 200 && charcount < 230) {
              font = 29;
            } else if (charcount > 230 && charcount < 250) {
              font = 28;
            } else if (charcount > 250 && charcount < 270) {
              font = 27;
            } else if (charcount > 270 && charcount < 300) {
              font = 25;
            } else if (charcount > 300 && charcount < 330) {
              font = 23;
            } else if (charcount > 330 && charcount < 360) {
              font = 24;
            } else if (charcount > 360 && charcount < 390) {
              font = 22;
            } else if (charcount > 390 && charcount < 420) {
              font = 21;
            } else if (charcount > 420) {
              font = 20;
            }

temp6[i].style.fontSize = `${font}px`;
          }
        }
      })
    }

Reveal.addEventListener('ready', addrfit);
    Reveal.addEventListener('ready', transformCallouts);
  </script>