Slide 1:

Biotechnology and Its Application - Alzheimer mouse

• Introduction to biotechnology and its applications
• Overview of Alzheimer’s disease
• The importance of animal models in studying Alzheimer’s disease
• Introduction to the Alzheimer mouse model
• Objectives of the lecture

Slide 2:

Biotechnology in Medicine

• Biotechnology’s role in medical advancements
• Development of new drugs and therapies
• Gene therapy and its applications
• Use of biotechnology in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases
• Impact of biotechnology on personalized medicine

Slide 3:

Alzheimer’s Disease

• Definition and characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease
• Etiology and risk factors
• Pathophysiology of the disease
• Common symptoms and progression of Alzheimer’s
• Impact on the affected individuals and their families

Slide 4:

Importance of Animal Models

• Use of animal models in biomedical research
• Advantages and limitations of animal models
• Ethical considerations in using animals for research
• Animal models in Alzheimer’s disease research
• Contribution of animal models to the understanding of disease mechanisms

Slide 5:

The Alzheimer Mouse Model

• Development and characteristics of the Alzheimer mouse model
• Transgenic technology used in creating the mouse model
• Genetic modifications and insertion of human Alzheimer’s disease genes
• Recapitulation of Alzheimer’s symptoms in the mouse model
• Usefulness of the mouse model for studying disease progression and potential treatments

Slide 6:

Studying Alzheimer’s Disease in Mice

• Behavioral assays for assessing memory and cognitive functions
• Neuroimaging techniques to observe brain changes
• Biochemical and molecular analyses of mouse brain tissues
• Analysis of protein aggregates and biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s
• Comparison of findings with human Alzheimer’s patients

Slide 7:

Advances in Alzheimer’s Research

• Targeting amyloid plaques and tau protein abnormalities
• Potential treatments and therapies for Alzheimer’s disease
• Role of neuroinflammation in disease progression
• Drug delivery methods and nanotechnology in Alzheimer’s treatment
• Development of preventive strategies and lifestyle interventions

Slide 8:

Biotechnology and Alzheimer’s Diagnosis

• Biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
• Imaging techniques such as PET and MRI
• Genetic testing and identification of risk factors
• Non-invasive diagnostic methods
• Role of biotechnology in improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency

Slide 9:

Ethical Considerations

• Ethical challenges and concerns in Alzheimer’s research
• Animal welfare and responsible use of animal models
• Informed consent and privacy issues in human studies
• Balancing risks and benefits in clinical trials
• Regulatory frameworks and guidelines for biotechnology research

Slide 10:

Summary

• Recapitulation of key points discussed so far
• Importance of biotechnology in Alzheimer’s research
• The role of animal models, particularly the Alzheimer mouse model
• Advances in diagnosis and treatment options
• Ethical considerations and responsible use of biotechnology in research.

Slide 11

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

• Temperature: Increasing temperature generally increases enzyme activity, but excessive heat can denature enzymes.
• pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH at which it functions most effectively.
• Substrate concentration: Increasing substrate concentration generally increases enzyme activity until saturation is reached.
• Enzyme concentration: Increasing enzyme concentration increases enzyme activity until substrate saturation is reached.
• Inhibitors: Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors can regulate enzyme activity.

Slide 12

Photosynthesis: Light-dependent Reactions

• Occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
• Convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
• Light energy excites chlorophyll molecules in photosystems I and II.
• Excited electrons are transferred through an electron transport chain.
• This process generates ATP and reduces NADP+ to NADPH.

Slide 13

Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle

• Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
• Uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions.
• Converts carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
• Key steps include carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
• Requires the enzyme Rubisco and ATP.

Slide 14

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

• Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.
• Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.
• Produces a small amount of ATP and NADH.
• Anaerobic process that does not require oxygen.
• Key steps include phosphorylation and cleavage of glucose.

Slide 15

Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle

• Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
• Completes the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide.
• Generates ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
• Key steps include the oxidation of pyruvate and the release of carbon dioxide.
• Regenerates the starting molecule, oxaloacetate.

Slide 16

Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain

• Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
• Transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.
• Generates a large amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
• Forms water as a byproduct of the electron transfer.
• The final step of cellular respiration.

Slide 17

DNA Replication

• Semi-conservative process.
• Helicase unwinds the double helix.
• DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each strand.
• Leading strand is synthesized continuously.
• Lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments.

Slide 18

Transcription

• DNA is used as a template to synthesize mRNA.
• Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.
• Elongation: RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand.
• Termination: RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence and detaches from the DNA template.
• mRNA processing includes capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.

Slide 19

Translation

• mRNA binds to a ribosome.
• Initiation: The ribosome assembles around the start codon.
• Elongation: tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, forming a polypeptide chain.
• Termination: The ribosome reaches a stop codon, and the polypeptide chain is released.
• Post-translation modifications may occur, such as folding or addition of functional groups.

Slide 20

Population Genetics

• Study of genetic variation within and between populations.
• Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.
• Gene flow: Movement of genes between populations through migration.
• Natural selection: Differential survival and reproduction rates of individuals with certain traits.
• Genetic equilibrium: When allele frequencies remain constant over generations due to absence of evolutionary forces.

Slide 21:

Genetic Engineering

• Introduction to genetic engineering
• Recombinant DNA technology and its applications
• Genetic modification of organisms
• Cloning and its significance in biotechnology
• Examples of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Slide 22:

Applications of Genetic Engineering

• Agricultural applications of genetic engineering
  • Development of pest-resistant crops
  • Improvement of crop yield and nutritional content
  • Enhancement of crop tolerance to environmental stress
• Medical applications of genetic engineering
  • Production of recombinant proteins and hormones
  • Gene therapy for genetic disorders
  • Development of genetically modified organisms for pharmaceutical production

Slide 23:

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• Principle and purpose of PCR
• Steps involved in PCR
  • Denaturation
  • Annealing
  • Extension
• Uses of PCR in various fields
  • DNA sequencing
  • Diagnostics and genetic testing
  • Forensic analysis
• Advantages and limitations of PCR

Slide 24:

DNA Fingerprinting

• Introduction to DNA fingerprinting
• Techniques used in DNA fingerprinting
  • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
  • Short tandem repeats (STRs)
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• Applications of DNA fingerprinting
  • Forensic identification
  • Paternity testing
  • Conservation biology

Slide 25:

Gene Therapy

• Introduction to gene therapy
• Types of gene therapy
  • Somatic gene therapy
  • Germline gene therapy
• Methods of gene delivery
  • Viral vectors
  • Non-viral vectors
• Challenges and ethical considerations in gene therapy
• Potential future developments in gene therapy

Slide 26:

Stem Cell Technology

• Introduction to stem cells and their properties
• Types of stem cells
  • Embryonic stem cells
  • Adult stem cells
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
• Applications of stem cell technology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Disease modeling
  • Drug discovery and testing

Slide 27:

CRISPR-Cas9 Technology

• Introduction to CRISPR-Cas9 technology
• Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing
• Applications of CRISPR-Cas9
  • Genetic engineering of organisms
  • Treatment of genetic disorders
  • Disease and drug research
• Ethical considerations and challenges in CRISPR-Cas9 technology

Slide 28:

Bioremediation

• Introduction to bioremediation
• Types of bioremediation
  • Natural attenuation
  • Biostimulation
  • Bioaugmentation
• Applications of bioremediation
  • Removal of pollutants from soil, water, and air
  • Breakdown of organic contaminants
  • Treatment of industrial waste

Slide 29:

Biosensors

• Introduction to biosensors
• Components of a biosensor
  • Biological recognition element
  • Transducer
  • Signal processing system
• Types of biosensors
  • Enzyme-based biosensors
  • DNA-based biosensors
  • Immunosenors
• Applications of biosensors in healthcare and environmental monitoring

Slide 30:

Bioethics

• Introduction to bioethics
• Importance of ethical considerations in biotechnology
• Ethical issues in biotechnology
  • Animal testing
  • Genetic engineering of humans
  • Privacy and confidentiality of genetic information
• Role of regulatory bodies in ensuring ethical practices in biotechnology
• Critical thinking and decision making in bioethics.