Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Monosachharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates
• They cannot be hydrolyzed further to give simpler units
• Monosachharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms
• They can be classified as trioses (3 carbons), tetroses (4 carbons), pentoses (5 carbons), and hexoses (6 carbons)
• Examples of trioses include glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Examples of tetrose include erythrose and erythrulose
• Examples of pentose include ribose, deoxyribose, and ribulose
• Ribose is present in RNA while deoxyribose is present in DNA
• Ribulose is an important molecule in photosynthesis
• Examples of hexose include glucose, fructose, and galactose

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Glucose is an important source of energy for cells
• Fructose is a sweet-tasting sugar found in fruits and honey
• Galactose is found in milk and is converted to glucose in the liver
• Monosachharides can exist in different forms, including linear and cyclic forms
• In the linear form, the carbon chain is straight

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• In the cyclic form, the carbon chain forms a ring structure
• The cyclic form can be further classified as either pyranose or furanose
• Pyranose has a six-membered ring while furanose has a five-membered ring
• Glucose can exist in both the linear and cyclic forms
• In the cyclic form, it is commonly found as a pyranose

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Glucose can also exist in different anomeric forms, known as alpha and beta
• The alpha form has the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the first carbon atom pointing downwards
• The beta form has the hydroxyl group pointing upwards
• These anomeric forms have different properties and reactivities
• Fructose also exists in cyclic form as a furanose

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Fructose can also exist in different anomeric forms, similar to glucose
• Galactose mostly exists in cyclic form as a pyranose
• Monosachharides have multiple hydroxyl groups that can undergo various reactions
• They can undergo oxidation reactions to form aldehydes or ketones
• They can also undergo reduction reactions to form alcohols

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Monosachharides can participate in glycosidic bond formation to form disachharides
• For example, glucose and fructose can form sucrose, a common table sugar
• Glucose and galactose can form lactose, the sugar found in milk
• Glucose and glucose can form maltose, a sugar found in malted grains
• These disachharides have different properties and functions

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Monosachharides can also undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic hemiacetals
• These reactions involve the carbon atom containing the carbonyl group and an adjacent hydroxyl group
• The resulting cyclic structure is stabilized by the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal
• The formation of these cyclic structures is reversible and can form a dynamic equilibrium
• The equilibrium between the linear and cyclic forms is important in biological processes

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• The classification of monosachharides is important in understanding their properties and functions
• Different monosachharides have different sweetening power, solubility, and roles in metabolism
• The cyclic and anomeric forms of monosachharides affect their reactivity and participation in reactions
• Monosachharides are building blocks for larger carbohydrates like polysachharides
• Understanding their classification is fundamental in the study of biochemistry

Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Monosachharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms
• Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses are examples of monosachharides
• Examples of trioses: glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone
• Examples of tetroses: erythrose, erythrulose
• Examples of pentoses: ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose
• Examples of hexoses: glucose, fructose, galactose

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Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Glucose is an important source of energy for cells
• Fructose is a sweet-tasting sugar found in fruits and honey
• Galactose is found in milk and is converted to glucose in the liver
• Monosachharides can exist in different forms (linear and cyclic)
• Glucose can exist in both linear and cyclic forms (pyranose)
• Fructose exists in cyclic form as a furanose

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Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Glucose and fructose can form sucrose (table sugar)
• Glucose and galactose can form lactose (milk sugar)
• Glucose and glucose can form maltose (malted grains)
• Monosachharides can undergo oxidation reactions to form aldehydes or ketones
• Monosachharides can undergo reduction reactions to form alcohols

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Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Monosachharides can participate in glycosidic bond formation to form disachharides
• Example: Glucose + fructose = sucrose
• Example: Glucose + galactose = lactose
• Example: Glucose + glucose = maltose
• Disachharides have different properties and functions
• Formation of glycosidic bonds require the elimination of a water molecule

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Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Monosachharides can undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic hemiacetals
• Formation of cyclic structures involves the carbonyl group and an adjacent hydroxyl group
• The cyclic structure is stabilized by the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal
• Formation of cyclic structures is reversible and forms a dynamic equilibrium
• The equilibrium between linear and cyclic forms is important in biological processes

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Biomolecules - Classification of Monosachharides

• Classification of monosachharides is important in understanding their properties and functions
• Different monosachharides have different sweetening power, solubility, and roles in metabolism
• Cyclic and anomeric forms of monosachharides affect their reactivity and participation in reactions
• Monosachharides are building blocks for larger carbohydrates like polysachharides
• Understanding their classification is fundamental in the study of biochemistry

21. Monosachharides - Linear and Cyclic Forms

• Monosachharides can exist in linear and cyclic forms
• The linear form has a straight carbon chain
• The cyclic form involves the formation of a ring structure
• Glucose can exist in both linear and cyclic forms
• In the cyclic form, glucose is commonly found as a pyranose

22. Monosachharides - Anomeric Forms

• Monosachharides can exist in different anomeric forms
• The alpha form has the hydroxyl group on the first carbon pointing downwards
• The beta form has the hydroxyl group pointing upwards
• Glucose can exist as both alpha and beta anomers
• Fructose also exists in cyclic form as a furanose with alpha and beta anomers

23. Monosachharides - Galactose

• Galactose is a monosachharide found in milk
• It is converted to glucose in the liver
• Galactose primarily exists in cyclic form as a pyranose
• It can also form glycosidic bonds to form disachharides
• Example: Galactose + glucose = lactose (milk sugar)

24. Monosachharides - Oxidation Reactions

• Monosachharides can undergo oxidation reactions
• These reactions involve the conversion of the aldehyde or ketone group to a carboxylic acid group
• Glucose can be oxidized to produce gluconic acid
• Oxidation reactions are important in cellular respiration and energy production

25. Monosachharides - Reduction Reactions

• Monosachharides can undergo reduction reactions
• These reactions involve the conversion of a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group
• Glucose can be reduced to form sorbitol
• Reduction reactions are important in the synthesis of certain pharmaceuticals and chemicals

26. Monosachharides - Formation of Disachharides

• Monosachharides can form glycosidic bonds to form disachharides
• Example: Glucose + fructose = sucrose (table sugar)
• Example: Glucose + galactose = lactose (milk sugar)
• Example: Glucose + glucose = maltose (malted grains)
• Disachharides have different properties and functions

27. Monosachharides - Cyclic Hemiacetals and Hemiketals

• Monosachharides can undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic structures
• These reactions involve the formation of a hemiacetal or hemiketal
• The cyclic structure is stabilized by the formation of a ring structure
• Glucose forms a cyclic hemiacetal in the formation of a pyranose ring
• Fructose forms a cyclic hemiketal in the formation of a furanose ring

28. Monosachharides - Equilibrium Between Linear and Cyclic Forms

• The formation of cyclic structures is reversible
• Monosachharides can exist in a dynamic equilibrium between the linear and cyclic forms
• The equilibrium is influenced by factors such as temperature and pH
• The equilibrium between linear and cyclic forms is important in biological processes
• It affects the reactivity and participation of monosachharides in various reactions

29. Monosachharides - Properties and Functions

• Different monosachharides have different properties and functions
• Glucose is an important source of energy for cells
• Fructose is a sweet-tasting sugar found in fruits and honey
• Galactose is found in milk and plays a role in lactose metabolism
• These monosachharides have different sweetening power, solubility, and roles in metabolism

30. Summary - Monosachharides

• Monosachharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates
• They can exist in linear and cyclic forms
• Monosachharides can undergo oxidation and reduction reactions
• They can form glycosidic bonds to form disachharides
• Monosachharides participate in intramolecular reactions to form cyclic structures
• Understanding the properties and functions of monosachharides is important in biochemistry.