Slide 1

Biomolecules - Lengthening of Chain

All biomolecules are composed of long chains of smaller units.
Lengthening of the chain can occur through polymerization reactions.
Biomolecules can be linear or branched depending on the type of bonding.

Slide 2

Linear Biomolecules

Linear biomolecules have a straight chain structure.
Carbohydrates and proteins can have linear arrangements.
Examples: glucose, sucrose, and glycine.

Slide 3

Branched Biomolecules

Branched biomolecules have side chains attached to the main chain.
Lipids and nucleic acids can have branched arrangements.
Examples: triglycerides and DNA.

Slide 4

Polymerization Reactions

Polymerization reactions join smaller units (monomers) to form longer chains (polymers).
Two types of polymerization reactions:
1. Addition polymerization: Monomers join without the elimination of any byproduct.
2. Condensation polymerization: Monomers join with the elimination of a small molecule.

Slide 5

Addition Polymerization

Involves the repetition of an unsaturated monomer unit.
Monomers add to the growing polymer chain.
Examples: polyethylene, polystyrene.

Slide 6

Condensation Polymerization

Involves the reaction between two different monomer units.
Monomers combine while eliminating a small molecule (usually water).
Examples: nylon, polyester.

Slide 7

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Classified into three main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Main functions include energy storage and providing structural support.

Slide 8

Monosaccharides

Simplest carbohydrates, also called simple sugars.
Contain a single sugar unit.
Examples: glucose, fructose.

Slide 9

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by the joining of two monosaccharide units.
Joined by a glycosidic bond formed through condensation reaction.
Examples: sucrose, lactose.

Slide 10

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharide units.
Functions include energy storage and providing structural support.
Examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen.

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</p>
<h1 id="slide-11">Slide 11</h1>
<h2 id="proteins">Proteins</h2>
<ul>
<li>Complex biomolecules composed of amino acids.</li>
<li>Essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body structures.</li>
<li>Functions include enzyme catalysis, transport, and immune response.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-12">Slide 12</h1>
<h3 id="amino-acids">Amino Acids</h3>
<ul>
<li>Building blocks of proteins.</li>
<li>Composed of an amino group, carboxyl group, and a side chain.</li>
<li>Exist in both acidic and basic forms.</li>
<li>Examples: glycine, alanine, lysine.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-13">Slide 13</h1>
<h3 id="protein-structure">Protein Structure</h3>
<ul>
<li>Proteins have a hierarchical structure.</li>
<li>Primary structure: sequence of amino acids.</li>
<li>Secondary structure: regular folding patterns (alpha helix, beta sheet).</li>
<li>Tertiary structure: overall 3D structure.</li>
<li>Quaternary structure: arrangement of multiple protein subunits.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-14">Slide 14</h1>
<h3 id="enzymes">Enzymes</h3>
<ul>
<li>Specialized proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.</li>
<li>Increase the rate of reaction without being consumed.</li>
<li>Enzyme-substrate complex forms during reaction.</li>
<li>Specificity is determined by the enzyme’s active site.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-15">Slide 15</h1>
<h3 id="lipids">Lipids</h3>
<ul>
<li>Biomolecules that include fats, oils, and waxes.</li>
<li>Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.</li>
<li>Functions include energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-16">Slide 16</h1>
<h3 id="fatty-acids">Fatty Acids</h3>
<ul>
<li>Building blocks of lipids.</li>
<li>Consist of a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon chain.</li>
<li>Can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (double bonds present).</li>
<li>Examples: palmitic acid, oleic acid.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-17">Slide 17</h1>
<h3 id="triglycerides">Triglycerides</h3>
<ul>
<li>Most common form of dietary lipids.</li>
<li>Composed of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.</li>
<li>Functions as energy storage in adipose tissue.</li>
<li>Examples: vegetable oils, butter.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-18">Slide 18</h1>
<h3 id="phospholipids">Phospholipids</h3>
<ul>
<li>Major component of cell membranes.</li>
<li>Composed of glycerol, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.</li>
<li>Amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-19">Slide 19</h1>
<h3 id="nucleic-acids">Nucleic Acids</h3>
<ul>
<li>Biomolecules involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information.</li>
<li>Composed of nucleotide monomers.</li>
<li>Two main types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-20">Slide 20</h1>
<h3 id="nucleotides">Nucleotides</h3>
<ul>
<li>Building blocks of nucleic acids.</li>
<li>Composed of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.</li>
<li>Four types of nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil (in RNA).</li>
</ul>
<p>======

</p>
<h1 id="slide-21">Slide 21</h1>
<h2 id="lipids---types-and-functions">Lipids - Types and Functions</h2>
<ul>
<li>Triglycerides are the main storage form of lipids in the body.</li>
<li>Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes.</li>
<li>Steroids play a role in hormone production and cell signaling.</li>
<li>Lipids function as insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-22">Slide 22</h1>
<h2 id="lipids---saturated-vs-unsaturated">Lipids - Saturated vs Unsaturated</h2>
<ul>
<li>Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms.</li>
<li>Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.</li>
<li>Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid.</li>
<li>Examples of saturated fats: butter, coconut oil.</li>
<li>Examples of unsaturated fats: olive oil, avocado.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-23">Slide 23</h1>
<h2 id="nucleic-acids---dna-vs-rna">Nucleic Acids - DNA vs RNA</h2>
<ul>
<li>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores genetic information.</li>
<li>RNA (ribonucleic acid) helps in protein synthesis.</li>
<li>DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded.</li>
<li>DNA has the bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.</li>
<li>RNA has the bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-24">Slide 24</h1>
<h2 id="nucleic-acids---structure-of-nucleotides">Nucleic Acids - Structure of Nucleotides</h2>
<ul>
<li>Nucleotides consist of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.</li>
<li>Phosphate group forms the backbone of the nucleotide chain.</li>
<li>Sugar can be either ribose or deoxyribose.</li>
<li>Nitrogenous base determines the type of nucleotide.</li>
<li>Examples of nucleotides: ATP (adenosine triphosphate), DNA, RNA.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-25">Slide 25</h1>
<h2 id="dna---double-helix-structure">DNA - Double Helix Structure</h2>
<ul>
<li>DNA has a double helix structure.</li>
<li>Complementary base pairing occurs between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C).</li>
<li>Hydrogen bonds form between the base pairs.</li>
<li>The two strands are antiparallel, running in opposite directions.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-26">Slide 26</h1>
<h2 id="rna---types-and-functions">RNA - Types and Functions</h2>
<ul>
<li>Three types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).</li>
<li>mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.</li>
<li>tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.</li>
<li>rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-27">Slide 27</h1>
<h2 id="rna---transcription-and-translation">RNA - Transcription and Translation</h2>
<ul>
<li>Transcription is the process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA.</li>
<li>In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a specific promoter region and unwinds the DNA helix.</li>
<li>Translation is the process of protein synthesis using the mRNA code.</li>
<li>It occurs at the ribosome using tRNA and rRNA.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-28">Slide 28</h1>
<h2 id="rna---central-dogma-of-molecular-biology">RNA - Central Dogma of Molecular Biology</h2>
<ul>
<li>Central Dogma: DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.</li>
<li>DNA replication occurs prior to cell division.</li>
<li>Transcription and translation are essential processes for protein synthesis.</li>
<li>Errors in these processes can result in genetic disorders.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-29">Slide 29</h1>
<h2 id="biomolecules---importance-in-living-organisms">Biomolecules - Importance in Living Organisms</h2>
<ul>
<li>Biomolecules are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of living organisms.</li>
<li>Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support.</li>
<li>Proteins perform various functions, including enzyme catalysis and transport.</li>
<li>Lipids are important for energy storage and cell membrane integrity.</li>
<li>Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="slide-30">Slide 30</h1>
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
<ul>
<li>Biomolecules are made up of long chains of smaller units.</li>
<li>Polymerization reactions can lengthen these chains through addition or condensation reactions.</li>
<li>Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are important biomolecules.</li>
<li>Each biomolecule has unique functions and structures.</li>
<li>Understanding biomolecules is crucial in studying the chemistry of living organisms.</li>
</ul>

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