Biology In Human Welfare

Microbes In Human Welfare

Introduction to Microbes
Importance of Microbes in Human Welfare
Types of Microbes:
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Viruses
Applications of Microbes in Human Welfare:
- Food and Beverages
- Pharmaceuticals
- Agriculture
- Waste Management
Microbes in Food and Beverages:
- Yogurt production
- Cheese production
- Bread fermentation
Microbes in Pharmaceuticals:
- Antibiotic production
- Insulin production
Microbes in Agriculture:
- Nitrogen fixation
- Biofertilizers
Microbes in Waste Management:
- Biodegradation
- Bioremediation
Conclusion Slides 11-20:

Microbes in Food and Beverages:

Microbes play a crucial role in the production of various food and beverage items.
Yogurt production:
- The bacterium Lactobacillus is used in the fermentation process of yogurt.
- Lactobacillus converts lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid, which gives yogurt its tangy flavor and thick texture.
Cheese production:
- Specific bacteria and fungi are used in the fermentation process of cheese.
- Examples include Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Penicillium.
- These microbes contribute to the flavor, texture, and aroma of different cheese varieties.
Bread fermentation:
- Yeast, a type of fungus, plays a crucial role in the fermentation process of bread.
- Yeast consumes sugar in the dough and produces carbon dioxide gas, causing the bread to rise.
- This process gives bread its soft and fluffy texture.

Microbes in Pharmaceuticals:

Microbes have revolutionized the field of pharmaceuticals.
Antibiotic production:
- Many antibiotics, such as penicillin, are produced by bacteria and fungi.
- These antibiotics are used to treat various bacterial infections.
Insulin production:
- Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of insulin by genetically modified bacteria.
- Bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, are used to produce insulin for the treatment of diabetes.
Other pharmaceutical applications:
- Microbes are used to produce vaccines, hormones, and various other drugs.
- Examples include Hepatitis B vaccine, human growth hormone, and clotting factors for hemophilia.

Microbes in Agriculture:

Microbes play a crucial role in agricultural practices.
Nitrogen fixation:
- Certain bacteria, such as Rhizobium, form a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants.
- These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants, thereby enhancing soil fertility.
Biofertilizers:
- Certain bacteria and fungi are used as biofertilizers to increase nutrient availability in soil.
- Examples include nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi.
- Biofertilizers reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and promote sustainable agriculture.

Microbes in Waste Management:

Microbes have the ability to degrade various types of waste.
Biodegradation:
- Microbes, such as bacteria and fungi, can break down organic substances present in waste materials.
- This process helps in the decomposition of organic waste, reducing its volume and promoting recycling.
Bioremediation:
- Certain microbes have the ability to degrade harmful pollutants present in the environment.
- For example, oil-degrading bacteria can be used to clean up oil spills and industrial waste.

Microbes in Human Welfare Conclusion:

Microbes play a significant role in human welfare in various fields.
They are used in the production of food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.
Microbes contribute to sustainable agriculture practices and waste management.
Further research and advancements in the field of microbiology can lead to even more applications of microbes in human welfare.

</p>
<ol start="16">
<li>Diseases and Immunity:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Types of diseases:
<ul>
<li>Infectious diseases: Caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.</li>
<li>Non-infectious diseases: Caused by factors like genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Immune system:
<ul>
<li>The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects the body from pathogens.</li>
<li>It includes various components, such as white blood cells, antibodies, and lymphoid organs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Innate immunity:
<ul>
<li>Innate immunity provides the first line of defense against pathogens.</li>
<li>It includes physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (acidic pH, enzymes), and cellular barriers (phagocytes).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Adaptive immunity:
<ul>
<li>Adaptive immunity is specific and develops after exposure to pathogens.</li>
<li>It involves B cells, T cells, and antibodies.</li>
<li>Memory cells are formed, providing long-term immunity upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="17">
<li>Vaccination:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Vaccination is a preventive measure to protect against infectious diseases.</li>
<li>Types of vaccines:
<ul>
<li>Live attenuated vaccines: Weakened forms of the pathogen are used, such as the measles vaccine.</li>
<li>Inactivated vaccines: Killed or inactivated forms of the pathogen are used, such as the polio vaccine.</li>
<li>Subunit vaccines: Only specific parts of the pathogen, such as proteins, are used, like the hepatitis B vaccine.</li>
<li>mRNA vaccines: mRNA from the pathogen is used, such as the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>How vaccines work:
<ul>
<li>Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and remember specific pathogens.</li>
<li>This allows for a rapid and efficient immune response upon exposure to the actual pathogen.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Importance of vaccination:
<ul>
<li>Vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases, reduce morbidity and mortality rates, and protect vulnerable populations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="18">
<li>Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections.</li>
<li>How antibiotics work:
<ul>
<li>Antibiotics target specific bacterial structures or processes.</li>
<li>They inhibit bacterial growth or kill the bacteria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Antibiotic resistance:
<ul>
<li>Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms to resist the effects of antibiotics.</li>
<li>It is a major global health concern.</li>
<li>Overuse and misuse of antibiotics contribute to the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Consequences of antibiotic resistance:
<ul>
<li>Reduced effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infections.</li>
<li>Increased morbidity and mortality rates.</li>
<li>Longer durations of illness and increased healthcare costs.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="19">
<li>Biotechnology and its Applications:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Biotechnology involves the application of biological principles and techniques in various fields.</li>
<li>Applications of biotechnology:
<ul>
<li>Agriculture: Genetically modified crops, like insect-resistant cotton and disease-resistant papaya.</li>
<li>Medicine: Production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, and personalized medicine.</li>
<li>Forensics: DNA profiling for identification purposes.</li>
<li>Environmental remediation: Bioremediation of polluted sites using microorganisms.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Techniques in biotechnology:
<ul>
<li>DNA cloning: Inserting DNA fragments into plasmids or vectors for replication and expression.</li>
<li>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Amplifying specific DNA sequences.</li>
<li>Gel electrophoresis: Separating DNA fragments based on size.</li>
<li>Recombinant DNA technology: Manipulating and combining DNA from different sources.</li>
<li>DNA sequencing: Determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="20">
<li>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs):</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.</li>
<li>Examples of GMOs:
<ul>
<li>Genetically modified crops: Plants engineered to have traits like pest resistance, increased yield, or herbicide tolerance.</li>
<li>Genetically modified animals: Animals with modified traits for research purposes or to produce desired products.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Benefits of GMOs:
<ul>
<li>Increased crop productivity and reduced crop loss.</li>
<li>Enhanced nutritional content of food.</li>
<li>Improved disease resistance in crops and animals.</li>
<li>Development of pharmaceutical products in animals.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Concerns about GMOs:
<ul>
<li>Environmental impact of GMOs on biodiversity.</li>
<li>Potential health risks and allergenicity.</li>
<li>Economic concerns related to patenting and monopolization of seed resources.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>

21. Evolution:</p>
<ul>
<li>Evolution is the process of gradual change in species over generations.</li>
<li>The main factors driving evolution are genetic variation, natural selection, and adaptation.</li>
<li>Natural selection:
<ul>
<li>It is the mechanism of evolution where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.</li>
<li>These traits are then passed on to the next generation, increasing their frequency in the population.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Examples:
<ul>
<li>Darwin’s finches: Different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands with beak variations adapted to their specific food sources.</li>
<li>Industrial melanism: The increase in dark-colored moths in polluted areas during the Industrial Revolution.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="22">
<li>Molecular Basis of Inheritance:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>DNA is the hereditary material in most organisms, and it carries the genetic information.</li>
<li>Structure of DNA:
<ul>
<li>DNA is a double-stranded helix made up of nucleotides.</li>
<li>Nucleotides are composed of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>DNA replication:
<ul>
<li>DNA replicates through a semi-conservative mechanism.</li>
<li>Each strand of the original DNA molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Central dogma:
<ul>
<li>DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into proteins.</li>
<li>This process is known as gene expression and is responsible for the formation of proteins and the expression of traits.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="23">
<li>Principles of Inheritance and Variation:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics.</li>
<li>Mendel’s experiments:
<ul>
<li>He performed experiments with pea plants to study the inheritance of traits.</li>
<li>Mendel proposed the laws of inheritance based on his observations.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Mendel’s laws:
<ul>
<li>Law of segregation: During gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate, and each gamete carries only one allele.</li>
<li>Law of independent assortment: The inheritance of different traits is independent of each other.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Concepts in genetics:
<ul>
<li>Genotype: The genetic makeup (combination of alleles) of an organism.</li>
<li>Phenotype: The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism.</li>
<li>Punnett square: A tool used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses based on the principles of probability.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="24">
<li>Biotechnology: Principles and Processes:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Biotechnology involves the use of living organisms or their products in various applications.</li>
<li>Steps in biotechnology:
<ul>
<li>Isolation of DNA: DNA is extracted from the source organism.</li>
<li>Cutting and joining DNA: Enzymes like restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites, and DNA ligase joins the fragments together.</li>
<li>Amplification of DNA: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to produce numerous copies of a specific DNA sequence.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Applications of biotechnology:
<ul>
<li>Genetic engineering: Introduction of foreign DNA into an organism to add or modify its traits.</li>
<li>DNA fingerprinting: Analyzing and comparing DNA samples for identification purposes.</li>
<li>Gene therapy: Introduction of healthy genes into a patient to treat genetic disorders.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="25">
<li>Organisms and Populations:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.</li>
<li>Organisms’ population:
<ul>
<li>A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.</li>
<li>Population growth can be affected by factors like birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Population interactions:
<ul>
<li>Competition: When individuals of the same or different species compete for resources like food, mates, or territory.</li>
<li>Predation: One organism (predator) captures and feeds on another (prey).</li>
<li>Symbiosis: Close and long-term interactions between different species, such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="26">
<li>Ecosystems:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (biotic factors) interacting with their physical environment (abiotic factors).</li>
<li>Components of an ecosystem:
<ul>
<li>Producers: Organisms that can convert sunlight or inorganic compounds into organic compounds through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.</li>
<li>Consumers: Organisms that obtain energy by feeding on other organisms.</li>
<li>Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Food chains and food webs:
<ul>
<li>A food chain shows the transfer of energy and nutrients from one organism to another.</li>
<li>A food web consists of interconnected food chains and shows multiple feeding relationships in an ecosystem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="27">
<li>Biodiversity and Conservation:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms in a particular area.</li>
<li>Importance of biodiversity:
<ul>
<li>Biodiversity provides ecosystem services like air and water purification, nutrient cycling, and climate regulation.</li>
<li>It also has aesthetic, cultural, and economic value.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Threats to biodiversity:
<ul>
<li>Habitat loss: Due to factors like deforestation, urbanization, and land use changes.</li>
<li>Pollution: Release of pollutants into the environment, affecting the health of organisms.</li>
<li>Climate change: Alteration of ecosystems due to global warming and changes in precipitation patterns.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Conservation strategies:
<ul>
<li>Protected areas: Establishing national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves to safeguard biodiversity.</li>
<li>Sustainable resource use: Adopting sustainable practices to ensure the responsible use of natural resources.</li>
<li>Public awareness and education: Promoting awareness about biodiversity conservation and its importance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="28">
<li>Environmental Issues:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Environmental issues arise due to human activities and their impact on the environment.</li>
<li>Pollution:
<ul>
<li>Air pollution: Release of harmful gases, particulate matter, and pollutants into the atmosphere.</li>
<li>Water pollution: Contamination of water bodies by industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, or oil spills.</li>
<li>Soil pollution: Accumulation of pollutants in the soil, affecting plant growth and soil fertility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Climate change:
<ul>
<li>Global warming: Increase in Earth’s average temperature due to the greenhouse effect caused by human activities.</li>
<li>Impacts: Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, melting glaciers, and changes in biodiversity and ecosystems.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Waste management:
<ul>
<li>Proper waste disposal and recycling practices can help reduce the negative impact of waste on the environment.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ol start="29">
<li>Human Health and Diseases:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Diseases can be caused by various factors, including pathogens, genetic disorders, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.</li>
<li>Infectious diseases:
<ul>
<li>Caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.</li>
<li>Some examples include influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Non-communicable diseases:
<ul>
<li>Caused by genetic or lifestyle factors and are not transmitted from person to person.</li>
<li>Examples include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Prevention and control of diseases require measures like vaccination, proper hygiene practices, access to healthcare, and healthy lifestyle choices.</li>
</ul>
<ol start="30">
<li>Enhancement in Food Production:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Human efforts to increase food production to meet the growing population’s demands.</li>
<li>Green Revolution:
<ul>
<li>Introduction of high-yielding varieties of crops, along with the use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques.</li>
<li>This led to increased agricultural productivity, particularly in developing countries.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Animal husbandry:
<ul>
<li>Improved breeding techniques, better animal nutrition, and veterinary care to enhance livestock production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Biotechnological approaches:
<ul>
<li>Use of genetic engineering to develop genetically modified crops with desirable traits like pest resistance, drought tolerance, or increased yield.</li>
<li>Biotechnological methods can also enhance the production of animal products, such as recombinant bovine growth hormone for milk production.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>=======</p>

</div>
				</div>

function transformCallouts() {
      var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal .slides section');
      slides.forEach(function (slide) {
        var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Success");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-success");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Default");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-default");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Warning");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-warning");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Primary");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-primary");
        }

var data = document.getElementsByTagName("Danger");
        for (let i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
          data[i].classList.add("callout");
          data[i].classList.add("callout-danger");
        }
      });
    };

function addrfit() {
      var slides = document.querySelectorAll('.reveal');
      slides.forEach(function (slide) {
        var temp = document.getElementsByTagName("h2");

if (temp.length > 0) {
          for (let i = 0; i < temp.length; i++) {
            temp[i].classList.add("r-fit-text");
          }
        }

var temp3 = document.getElementsByTagName("h1");

if (temp3.length > 0) {
          for (let i = 0; i < temp3.length; i++) {
            temp3[i].classList.add("r-fit-text");
          }
        }

var temp6 = document.getElementsByClassName("text-container");

if (temp6.length > 0) {
          for (let i = 0; i < temp6.length; i++) {
            var charcount = 0;
            var ptags = temp6[i].getElementsByTagName("p");
            try {
              for (let j = 0; j < ptags.length; j++) {
                temp = ptags[j].outerText.replaceAll(" ", "");
                temp = temp.replaceAll("\n", "");
                charcount += temp.length;
              }
            } catch (err) {
              console.log(err);
            }

var font = 35;

if (charcount > 50 && charcount < 100) {
              font = 35;
            } else if (charcount > 100 && charcount < 120) {
              font = 33;
            } else if (charcount > 120 && charcount < 150) {
              font = 33;
            } else if (charcount > 150 && charcount < 170) {
              font = 31;
            } else if (charcount > 170 && charcount < 200) {
              font = 30;
            } else if (charcount > 200 && charcount < 230) {
              font = 29;
            } else if (charcount > 230 && charcount < 250) {
              font = 28;
            } else if (charcount > 250 && charcount < 270) {
              font = 27;
            } else if (charcount > 270 && charcount < 300) {
              font = 25;
            } else if (charcount > 300 && charcount < 330) {
              font = 23;
            } else if (charcount > 330 && charcount < 360) {
              font = 24;
            } else if (charcount > 360 && charcount < 390) {
              font = 22;
            } else if (charcount > 390 && charcount < 420) {
              font = 21;
            } else if (charcount > 420) {
              font = 20;
            }

temp6[i].style.fontSize = `${font}px`;
          }
        }
      })
    }

Reveal.addEventListener('ready', addrfit);
    Reveal.addEventListener('ready', transformCallouts);
  </script>