Biology In Human Welfare- Microbes In Human Welfare - Metabolic Pathway

Microbes play a significant role in human welfare.
One such important contribution is their involvement in various metabolic pathways.
Metabolic pathways are a series of chemical reactions that occur within a cell.
These reactions are responsible for the conversion of one substance into another.
Let’s explore some of the metabolic pathways involving microbes.

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate.
It occurs in the cytoplasm and is anaerobic.
It produces ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
This pathway is common in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.
It is the first step in cellular respiration.

Example:

In bacteria, glycolysis is crucial for energy production.

Equation:

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

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Krebs Cycle

Also known as the citric acid cycle or TCA cycle.
It is an important aerobic process that occurs in the mitochondria.
It oxidizes the acetyl-CoA generated from pyruvate into CO2.
It produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
It plays a significant role in energy generation.

Example:

The Krebs cycle is crucial for energy production in eukaryotic cells.

Equation:

Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi -> CoA + 3 NADH + FADH2 + ATP + 2 CO2

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Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
It is an essential process in oxidative phosphorylation.
It uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.
It requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
It generates a proton gradient across the membrane.

Example:

The electron transport chain is vital for aerobic energy production.

Equation:

NADH + FADH2 + O2 -> NAD+ + FAD + H2O + ATP

======

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
It occurs in the chloroplasts of plants and algae.
Photosynthesis is a vital metabolic pathway that sustains life on Earth.
It produces glucose, oxygen, and ATP.
It has two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

Example:

Photosynthesis is the primary pathway through which plants obtain energy.

Equation:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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Fermentation

Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic pathway used by cells to produce ATP.
It occurs when oxygen is limited or absent.
It involves the breakdown of glucose into simpler compounds.
Fermentation produces lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.
It is used to produce alcoholic beverages and bread.

Example:

Yeast uses fermentation to convert glucose into ethanol during alcohol production.

Equation (Ethanol fermentation):

Glucose -> 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

======

Nitrogen Fixation

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form by living organisms.
It is performed by certain bacteria known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
These bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonia, which can be used by plants.
Nitrogen fixation is essential for the nitrogen cycle and plant growth.
It is crucial for maintaining the balance of nitrogen in ecosystems.

Example:

Rhizobium bacteria fix nitrogen in legume root nodules.

Equation:

N2 + 8H+ + 8e- + 16 ATP -> 2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi

======

Ammonification

Ammonification is the process of converting organic nitrogen compounds into ammonia.
It occurs during the decomposition of dead plants and animals by bacteria and fungi.
Ammonification releases ammonia into the soil.
Ammonia can then be used by plants in the process of nitrogen assimilation.
It is an important step in the nitrogen cycle.

Example:

Bacteria like Bacillus and Clostridium are involved in ammonification.

Equation:

Organic nitrogen compounds -> NH3

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Denitrification

Denitrification is the process of converting nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen.
It is performed by certain bacteria, known as denitrifying bacteria.
These bacteria use nitrates as a source of oxygen, releasing nitrogen gas.
Denitrification is a crucial step in the nitrogen cycle, preventing nitrogen buildup.
It occurs in anaerobic conditions.

Example:

Pseudomonas denitrificans is involved in denitrification.

Equation:

2NO3- -> 2NO2- -> 2NO -> N2O -> N2 + O2

======

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical cycles are pathways by which elements and compounds are cycled through the environment.
These cycles involve biological, geological, and chemical processes.
Important biogeochemical cycles include the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle.
Microbes play a significant role in these cycles, driving various metabolic pathways.
Understanding these cycles is crucial for the study of ecosystems and environmental science.

Example:

The carbon cycle involves various microbial processes, including photosynthesis and respiration.
End of slides -

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration is the process that converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
It is the most efficient way of generating energy in living organisms.
Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
It consists of three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
This metabolic pathway is used by eukaryotic organisms.

Example:

Humans and many other animals rely on aerobic respiration for energy production.

Equation:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic respiration is the process that converts glucose into energy without using oxygen.
It occurs in the cytoplasm and is less efficient compared to aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid or ethanol and CO2.
This metabolic pathway is utilized by microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast.
It is essential in environments where oxygen is scarce.

Example:

Bacteria in the human digestive tract carry out anaerobic respiration.

Equation (Lactic Acid Fermentation):

Glucose -> 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP

Equation (Ethanol Fermentation):

Glucose -> 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

Lipid Metabolism

Lipid metabolism refers to the breakdown and synthesis of lipids in the body.
It involves various metabolic pathways, including lipolysis and lipogenesis.
Lipolysis breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for energy production.
Lipogenesis involves the synthesis of triglycerides from excess glucose or fatty acids.
Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in energy storage and hormone regulation.

Example:

Adipose tissue stores excess lipids in the form of triglycerides.

Equation (Lipolysis):

Triglycerides -> Fatty Acids + Glycerol

</p>
<h1 id="biology-in-human-welfare--microbes-in-human-welfare---metabolic-pathway-1">Biology In Human Welfare- Microbes In Human Welfare - Metabolic Pathway</h1>
<h2 id="lipid-metabolism-continued">Lipid Metabolism (continued)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Beta-oxidation: The process by which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA molecules.</li>
<li>Ketogenesis: The synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA.</li>
<li>Lipogenesis: The conversion of excess glucose or fatty acids into triglycerides.</li>
<li>Lipid Transport: The movement of lipids in the bloodstream via lipoproteins.</li>
<li>Lipid Digestion: The breakdown of dietary triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example-9">Example:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Lipid metabolism is vital for maintaining energy balance in the body.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="equation-beta-oxidation">Equation (Beta-oxidation):</h2>
<p>Fatty Acid + CoA + NAD+ + FAD -> Acetyl-CoA + NADH + FADH2</p>
<h2 id="equation-ketogenesis">Equation (Ketogenesis):</h2>
<p>Acetyl-CoA -> Ketone Bodies</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="amino-acid-metabolism">Amino Acid Metabolism</h2>
<ul>
<li>Amino acid metabolism involves the breakdown, synthesis, and interconversion of amino acids.</li>
<li>It includes processes such as transamination, deamination, and urea cycle.</li>
<li>Transamination transfers an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid.</li>
<li>Deamination removes the amino group from an amino acid.</li>
<li>The urea cycle converts ammonia into urea, which is excreted by the kidneys.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example-10">Example:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Amino acid metabolism is essential for protein synthesis and energy production.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="equation-transamination">Equation (Transamination):</h2>
<p>Amino Acid 1 + Keto Acid -> Amino Acid 2 + Keto Acid 2</p>
<h2 id="equation-deamination">Equation (Deamination):</h2>
<p>Amino Acid -> Keto Acid + Ammonia</p>
<h2 id="equation-urea-cycle">Equation (Urea Cycle):</h2>
<p>Ammonia + CO2 + Aspartate + ATP -> Urea + Fumarate + ADP + Pi</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="nucleotide-metabolism">Nucleotide Metabolism</h2>
<ul>
<li>Nucleotide metabolism involves the synthesis and degradation of nucleotides.</li>
<li>Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.</li>
<li>The synthesis of nucleotides occurs through de novo synthesis or salvage pathways.</li>
<li>Purine and pyrimidine metabolism are important components of nucleotide metabolism.</li>
<li>Nucleotide degradation occurs through processes such as nucleotide phosphorylase and nucleotidases.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example-11">Example:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Nucleotide metabolism is crucial for cell growth, DNA replication, and protein synthesis.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="equation-purine-synthesis">Equation (Purine Synthesis):</h2>
<p>PRPP + Gln + Gly + ATP -> IMP</p>
<h2 id="equation-pyrimidine-synthesis">Equation (Pyrimidine Synthesis):</h2>
<p>Gln + Asp + HCO3- + ATP -> UMP + Pi</p>
<h2 id="equation-nucleotide-degradation">Equation (Nucleotide Degradation):</h2>
<p>Nucleotide -> Nucleoside + Pinorganic + Base</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="metabolic-disorders">Metabolic Disorders</h2>
<ul>
<li>Metabolic disorders are genetic disorders that affect various metabolic pathways.</li>
<li>Examples include phenylketonuria, galactosemia, and maple syrup urine disease.</li>
<li>These disorders result in the accumulation of toxic substances in the body.</li>
<li>Diagnosis of metabolic disorders often involves genetic testing and metabolic screening.</li>
<li>Treatment may involve dietary restrictions, enzyme replacement therapy, or gene therapy.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example-12">Example:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder that impairs the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="equation-7">Equation:</h2>
<p>Phenylalanine -> Phenylpyruvate + Ammonia</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="biotechnology-and-metabolic-engineering">Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering</h2>
<ul>
<li>Biotechnology utilizes microbial metabolic pathways for various applications.</li>
<li>Metabolic engineering involves modifying an organism’s metabolic pathways for specific purposes.</li>
<li>Examples include the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals.</li>
<li>Genetic engineering techniques are used to manipulate microbial metabolism.</li>
<li>Advancements in biotechnology have led to significant breakthroughs in various industries.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example-13">Example:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Genetic modification of bacteria to produce insulin for treating diabetes.</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="applications-of-microbial-metabolic-pathways">Applications of Microbial Metabolic Pathways</h2>
<ul>
<li>Microbes play a crucial role in the production of various compounds through metabolic pathways.</li>
<li>Examples include the production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and biofuels.</li>
<li>Metabolic engineering allows for the optimization of microbial production processes.</li>
<li>These applications have immense economic and industrial value.</li>
<li>They contribute to the fields of medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and energy production.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="example-14">Example:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Streptomyces bacteria are used to produce antibiotics like penicillin.</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
<ul>
<li>Microbes play a vital role in various metabolic pathways that impact human welfare.</li>
<li>Understanding these pathways helps us appreciate their contributions to our lives.</li>
<li>Metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and photosynthesis are fundamental to life.</li>
<li>Aerobic and anaerobic respiration provide energy for cellular processes.</li>
<li>Nucleotide, lipid, amino acid metabolism, and other pathways are essential for cellular functions.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="key-takeaways">Key Takeaways:</h2>
<ul>
<li>Microbes are involved in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, photosynthesis, fermentation, and more.</li>
<li>Metabolic pathways play a crucial role in energy production, nutrient cycling, and chemical synthesis.</li>
<li>Genetic modification and metabolic engineering have revolutionized biotechnology applications.</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p><span style="font-size:0.8em"><em>Note: This presentation is for educational purposes only and does not cover all aspects of microbial metabolic pathways.</em></span></p>
<p>

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