Biology In Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - What is Disease

• Introduction to Human Health and Disease
• Definition of Disease
• Types of Diseases
  • Communicable Diseases
  • Non-communicable Diseases
• Examples of Communicable Diseases
  • Influenza
  • Tuberculosis
  • Malaria
• Examples of Non-communicable Diseases
  • Cancer
  • Diabetes
  • Hypertension
• Causes of Diseases
• Role of Pathogens
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
• Immune System and Disease

====== 11. Causes of Communicable Diseases

• Transmission through air, water, or vectors
• Poor sanitation and hygiene practices
• Lack of vaccination
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Unsafe sexual practices

12. Common Symptoms of Communicable Diseases

• Fever
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Diarrhea
• Skin rashes
• Fatigue

13. Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases

• Vaccination programs
• Improved sanitation and hygiene practices
• Use of protective measures like face masks and gloves
• Quarantine and isolation of infected individuals
• Vector control measures
• Public awareness and education campaigns

14. Causes of Non-communicable Diseases

• Genetic factors
• Lifestyle choices (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption)
• Poor diet and lack of physical activity
• Environmental factors (pollution, radiation)
• Aging process

15. Risk Factors for Non-communicable Diseases

• Obesity
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol levels
• Diabetes
• Family history of certain diseases
• Exposure to carcinogens

16. Common Types of Non-communicable Diseases

• Cardiovascular diseases (heart diseases, stroke)
• Respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
• Metabolic diseases (diabetes, obesity)
• Cancer
• Neurological diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s)

17. Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases

• Healthy lifestyle choices (balanced diet, regular exercise)
• Avoidance of tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption
• Regular health check-ups
• Early detection and treatment of diseases
• Genetic counseling
• Environmental protection measures

18. Role of Immune System in Disease

• Innate immunity
  • Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
  • Inflammatory response
• Adaptive immunity
  • Antibody production
  • Cell-mediated response
• Immunological memory

19. Autoimmune Diseases

• Definition of autoimmune diseases
• Examples: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis
• Causes and triggers
• Symptoms and complications
• Diagnosis and treatment options
• Impact on daily life

20. Immune System Disorders

• Immunodeficiency disorders (primary and acquired)
• Allergies and hypersensitivity reactions
• Transplant rejection
• Cancer and the immune system
• Immunotherapy and its applications
• Future developments in immunology and disease management

21. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• Introduction to HIV
• Structure and replication of HIV
• Modes of transmission
• Symptoms and progression of HIV/AIDS
• Prevention and control measures

22. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

• Common types of STIs
• Modes of transmission
• Symptoms and complications
• Diagnosis and treatment options
• Prevention and safe sexual practices

23. Vaccination and Immunization

• Introduction to vaccination
• Types of vaccines (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit)
• Herd immunity and its importance
• Vaccination schedule for children and adults
• Vaccine-preventable diseases and their eradication

24. Antibiotics and Drug Resistance

• Introduction to antibiotics
• Mechanisms of action of antibiotics
• Antibiotic resistance and its consequences
• Causes of antibiotic resistance
• Measures to combat antibiotic resistance

25. Antiviral Drugs and Vaccines

• Introduction to antiviral drugs
• Mechanisms of action of antiviral drugs
• Examples of antiviral drugs and their use
• Challenges in developing antiviral drugs and vaccines
• Role of vaccines in combating viral diseases

26. Genetic Disorders

• Introduction to genetic disorders
• Types of genetic disorders (chromosomal, single gene, multifactorial)
• Examples of genetic disorders (Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)
• Causes and inheritance patterns of genetic disorders
• Genetic counseling and prenatal testing

27. Metabolic Disorders

• Introduction to metabolic disorders
• Types of metabolic disorders (phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, diabetes mellitus)
• Causes and symptoms of metabolic disorders
• Diagnosis and treatment options
• Lifestyle management for metabolic disorders

28. Environmental Diseases

• Introduction to environmental diseases
• Types of environmental diseases (silicosis, lead poisoning, asbestos-related diseases)
• Causes and risk factors of environmental diseases
• Symptoms and long-term effects of environmental diseases
• Prevention and control measures

29. Mental Health Disorders

• Introduction to mental health disorders
• Common mental health disorders (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia)
• Symptoms and impact on daily life
• Diagnosis and treatment options (therapy, medication)
• Importance of mental health awareness and support

30. Healthy Aging and Age-related Diseases

• Introduction to healthy aging
• Factors influencing healthy aging (lifestyle, genetics)
• Age-related diseases (Alzheimer’s, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases)
• Strategies for healthy aging
• Promoting the well-being of elderly individuals

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