Biology in Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease - Structure of HIV

Introduction to Human Health and Disease
- Definition of health and disease
- Factors affecting human health
- Importance of studying human diseases
Infectious diseases
- Definition and examples
- Modes of transmission
- Defense mechanisms against pathogens
- Common symptoms of infectious diseases
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Introduction to HIV
- Structure of HIV
  - Envelope
  - Glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41)
  - Core (capsid and RNA)
- Life cycle of HIV
  - Attachment and entry
  - Reverse transcription
  - Integration and latency
  - Replication and assembly
  - Budding and maturation
Transmission of HIV
- Routes of transmission
  - Sexual contact
  - Sharing contaminated needles
  - Mother-to-child transmission
  - Blood transfusion or organ transplantation
- Factors affecting HIV transmission
  - Viral load
  - Co-infections
  - Prevention strategies
HIV and the immune system
- Impact of HIV on immune cells
  - CD4+ T cells
  - Macrophages
  - Dendritic cells
- Immune response to HIV
  - Antibody production
  - Cell-mediated immune response
- Immune evasion strategies of HIV

Slide separator: ======= 11. Symptoms of HIV infection

Initial stage
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Sore throat
Clinical latency
- No visible symptoms
Progression to AIDS
- Weight loss
- Chronic diarrhea
- Recurrent infections
- Night sweats
- Neurological symptoms

Diagnosis of HIV

Screening tests
- ELISA test
- Rapid antibody tests
Confirmatory tests
- Western blot test
- Nucleic acid tests
Early detection and importance of testing
- Window period
- Benefits of early intervention and treatment

Treatment of HIV

Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
- Combination therapy
- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
- Protease inhibitors (PIs)
- Integrase inhibitors (INSTIs)
Challenges in HIV treatment
- Drug resistance
- Adherence to medication
- Side effects of ART

Prevention of HIV

Safe sex practices
- Use of condoms
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Harm reduction strategies
- Needle exchange programs
- Opioid substitution therapy
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
- Antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy
- Cesarean delivery
- Avoidance of breastfeeding

Impact of HIV/AIDS on society

Socio-economic consequences
- Loss of productivity
- Increased healthcare costs
Stigma and discrimination
- Fear of disclosure
- Social exclusion
Role of awareness and education
- Promoting safe practices
- Reducing stigma

Non-infectious diseases

Definition and examples
- Genetic disorders
- Autoimmune diseases
- Lifestyle diseases
Risk factors for non-infectious diseases
- Genetic predisposition
- Environmental factors
- Unhealthy lifestyle choices

Genetic disorders

Types of genetic disorders
- Single gene disorders
- Chromosomal disorders
- Multifactorial disorders
Examples of genetic disorders
- Down syndrome
- Cystic fibrosis
- Hemophilia
- Huntington’s disease

Autoimmune diseases

Causes of autoimmune diseases
- Genetic factors
- Environmental triggers
- Dysregulation of the immune system
Examples of autoimmune diseases
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Lupus
- Multiple sclerosis
- Type 1 diabetes

Lifestyle diseases

Definition and examples
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Hypertension
Risk factors for lifestyle diseases
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Poor nutrition
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol consumption

Prevention and management of non-infectious diseases

Genetic counseling and testing
Healthy lifestyle choices
- Regular exercise
- Balanced diet
- Stress management
- Avoidance of tobacco and alcohol
Medication and treatment options
- Insulin therapy for diabetes
- Statins for cardiovascular diseases
- Immunosuppressants for autoimmune diseases

Role of nutrition in maintaining health
- Importance of a balanced diet
- Essential nutrients for the body
  - Carbohydrates
  - Proteins
  - Fats
  - Vitamins
  - Minerals
  - Fiber
- Consequences of malnutrition
  - Undernutrition
  - Overnutrition
- Examples of nutritional deficiencies
  - Vitamin D deficiency (rickets)
  - Iron deficiency (anemia)
Dietary disorders and their management
- Anorexia nervosa
  - Symptoms and complications
  - Treatment options
- Bulimia nervosa
  - Symptoms and complications
  - Treatment options
- Binge eating disorder
  - Symptoms and complications
  - Treatment options
- Importance of counseling and support groups
Immune system and disease defense mechanisms
- Components of the immune system
  - Innate immune system
  - Adaptive immune system
- Mechanisms of immune defense
  - Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
  - Cellular defense (phagocytes)
  - Humoral defense (antibodies)
  - Cell-mediated defense (T cells)
- Immunizations and their importance
Vaccination and its significance
- Definition of vaccination
- Types of vaccines
  - Live attenuated vaccines
  - Inactivated vaccines
  - Subunit, conjugate, and toxoid vaccines
- Herd immunity and its role in disease prevention
- Success stories of vaccination
  - Smallpox eradication
  - Polio eradication efforts
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
- Definition and examples
  - SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
  - Ebola virus disease
  - Zika virus
  - Avian influenza (bird flu)
  - Drug-resistant tuberculosis
- Factors contributing to disease emergence
  - Global travel and trade
  - Environmental changes
  - Microbial adaptation
Environmental factors and health
- Impact of pollution on human health
  - Air pollution
  - Water pollution
  - Soil contamination
- Occupational hazards and their consequences
- Climate change and its health effects
  - Increase in infectious diseases
  - Food and water insecurity
  - Extreme weather events
Genetic engineering and its applications in medicine
- Definition of genetic engineering
- Tools and techniques used in genetic engineering
  - Recombinant DNA technology
  - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  - CRISPR-Cas9 system
- Applications of genetic engineering in medicine
  - Production of therapeutic proteins (insulin, growth hormones)
  - Gene therapy
  - Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for drug production
Stem cell technology and its potential in medicine
- Types of stem cells
  - Embryonic stem cells
  - Adult stem cells
  - Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
- Therapeutic uses of stem cells
  - Regenerative medicine
  - Tissue engineering
  - Treatment of genetic disorders
  - Drug testing and development
Biotechnology and its role in healthcare
- Definition of biotechnology
- Applications of biotechnology in healthcare
  - Diagnostic tests (PCR, ELISA)
  - Vaccine development
  - Production of therapeutic proteins (antibodies, hormones)
  - Personalized medicine
- Ethical considerations in biotechnology
Ethical issues in healthcare and research
- Informed consent and patient rights
- Confidentiality and privacy
- Animal testing and ethics
- Human cloning and reproductive technologies
- Balancing scientific progress and ethical responsibility

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