Slide 1
Biology in Human Welfare - Human Health and Disease
- Introduction to cancer detection & diagnosis
- Importance of early detection
Slide 2
Factors Affecting Cancer Detection
- Genetic factors
- Exposure to carcinogens
- Aging
Slide 3
Methods of Cancer Detection
- Physical examination
- Imaging techniques (X-ray, MRI, PET)
- Biopsy
Slide 4
Physical Examination for Cancer Detection
- Palpation
- Observation of abnormal growth or changes in the body
- Examination of lymph nodes
Slide 5
Imaging Techniques for Cancer Detection
- X-ray: Detects abnormalities in bones and organs
- MRI: Provides detailed images of soft tissues and organs
- PET: Identifies areas of high metabolic activity
Slide 6
Biopsy for Cancer Detection
- Tissue sample collection
- Histopathological examination
- Types of biopsies: needle biopsy, surgical biopsy
Slide 7
Cancer Biomarkers
- Definition of biomarkers
- Examples: PSA for prostate cancer, CA-125 for ovarian cancer
Slide 8
Molecular Techniques for Cancer Detection
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
- Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Slide 9
Liquid Biopsy
- Definition of liquid biopsy
- Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA)
Slide 10
Cancer Screening Programs
- Importance of screening programs
- Examples: mammography for breast cancer, colonoscopy for colorectal cancer
Slide 11
Common Types of Cancer
- Breast cancer
- Lung cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Colorectal cancer
- Skin cancer
Slide 12
Diagnostic Methods for Breast Cancer
- Self-examination
- Mammography
- Ultrasound
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Biopsy
Slide 13
Diagnostic Methods for Lung Cancer
- Imaging techniques (X-ray, CT scan)
- Sputum cytology
- Bronchoscopy
- Biopsy (needle or surgical)
Slide 14
Diagnostic Methods for Prostate Cancer
- Digital rectal examination (DRE)
- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
- Transrectal ultrasound
- Biopsy (transrectal or transperineal)
Slide 15
Diagnostic Methods for Colorectal Cancer
- Colonoscopy
- Fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy
- Virtual colonoscopy
Slide 16
Diagnostic Methods for Skin Cancer
- Visual inspection
- Dermoscopy
- Biopsy (punch, excisional, or shave)
Slide 17
Cancer Staging and Grading
- TNM system for staging
- Grade based on tumor differentiation
- Importance of accurate staging and grading in treatment planning
Slide 18
Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer
- Gene expression profiling
- Mutation testing (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2)
- Fusion gene detection (e.g., BCR-ABL)
Slide 19
Liquid Biopsy Applications
- Monitoring treatment response
- Detection of minimal residual disease
- Early detection of relapse or metastasis
Slide 20
Challenges in Cancer Detection and Diagnosis
- False-positive and false-negative results
- Overdiagnosis and overtreatment
- Accessibility to diagnostic facilities
- Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic methods
Slide 21
Molecular Diagnostics in Cancer (contd.)
- Genomic profiling for personalized medicine
- Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis for mutation detection
- MicroRNA expression profiling
Slide 22
Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Detection
- Machine learning algorithms for image analysis
- Deep learning techniques for pattern recognition
- AI-based algorithms for early detection and diagnosis
Slide 23
Challenges in Cancer Detection and Diagnosis (contd.)
- Limited sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests
- Lack of universal biomarkers for all types of cancer
- Ethical considerations in genomic testing and privacy issues
Slide 24
Future Directions in Cancer Detection
- Liquid biopsy advancements
- Development of novel imaging techniques
- Integration of molecular and imaging modalities
- Big data analytics for improved diagnosis and treatment decisions
Slide 25
Summary
- Cancer detection is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment.
- Physical examination, imaging techniques, and biopsies are commonly used methods for cancer detection.
- Biomarkers, molecular diagnostics, and liquid biopsies have revolutionized cancer detection.
- Screening programs play a crucial role in detecting cancer at an early stage.
- Molecular diagnostics and AI have the potential to improve cancer detection accuracy.
Slide 26
References
- National Cancer Institute. (2021). Cancer diagnostics. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/diagnosis
- World Health Organization. (2021). Early detection of cancer. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-screening/early-detection/en/
- Perkel, J. M. (2018). Artificial intelligence takes on disease detection. Nature, 557(7707), S16-S17.
- Pantel, K., & Alix-Panabières, C. (2019). Liquid biopsy: potential and challenges. Molecular oncology, 13(3), 615-617.
Slide 27
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