Slide 1

Application of Biotechnology in Medicine - Vaccine Development

• Introduction to vaccines
• Importance of vaccines in medicine
• Traditional methods of vaccine production
• Biotechnological approaches to vaccine development
• The role of genetic engineering in vaccine production

Slide 2

Traditional Methods of Vaccine Production

• Attenuated (weakened) pathogen
• Inactivated (killed) pathogen
• Toxoids
• Subunit vaccines
• Conjugate vaccines

Slide 3

Biotechnological Approaches to Vaccine Development

• Recombinant DNA technology
• DNA vaccination
• Viral vector-based vaccines
• Synthetic peptide vaccines
• Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines

Slide 4

Recombinant DNA Technology

• Introduction to recombinant DNA technology
• Cloning and expression of antigenic proteins
• Examples of recombinant vaccines - Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Slide 5

DNA Vaccination

• Introduction to DNA vaccination
• Mechanism of action
• Steps involved in DNA vaccination
• Advantages and limitations
• Example - DNA vaccines against COVID-19

Slide 6

Viral Vector-Based Vaccines

• Introduction to viral vector-based vaccines
• Types of viral vectors used
• Mechanism of action
• Examples - Adenovirus-based vaccines, mRNA vaccines

Slide 7

Synthetic Peptide Vaccines

• Introduction to synthetic peptide vaccines
• Design and synthesis of peptide antigens
• Mechanism of action
• Examples - Peptide-based vaccines for influenza, cancer

Slide 8

Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccines

• Introduction to virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines
• Production of VLPs using recombinant DNA technology
• Advantages of VLP vaccines
• Examples - Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, Hepatitis B vaccines

Slide 9

Role of Genetic Engineering in Vaccine Production

• Genetic modification of microorganisms
• Production of antigenic proteins using genetic engineering
• Advantages of genetic engineering in vaccine production
• Examples - Genetically modified bacteria for vaccine production

Slide 10

Conclusion

• Recap of the discussed topics
• Importance of biotechnological approaches in vaccine development
• Future prospects in vaccine research and development
• Q&A session

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Biotechnological Approaches to Vaccine Development (continued)

• Reverse vaccinology
• Virus-vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP)
• RNA-based vaccines
• T-cell-based vaccines
• Plant-based vaccines

12

Reverse Vaccinology

• Introduction to reverse vaccinology
• Genomic analysis of pathogens
• Identification of potential antigenic proteins
• Production of recombinant vaccines
• Example - Meningococcal B vaccine (Bexsero)

13

Virus-Vectored Immunoprophylaxis (VIP)

• Introduction to VIP
• Use of viral vectors to deliver protective antigen genes
• Mechanism of action
• Examples - HIV VIP, Ebola VIP

14

RNA-Based Vaccines

• Introduction to RNA-based vaccines
• Types of RNA vaccines - mRNA, self-amplifying RNA
• Mechanism of action
• Advantages and limitations
• Examples - Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines

15

T-Cell-Based Vaccines

• Introduction to T-cell-based vaccines
• Importance of T-cell immunity in vaccine development
• Use of peptide antigens to stimulate T-cell response
• Mechanism of action
• Examples - Cancer vaccines, HIV vaccines

16

Plant-Based Vaccines

• Introduction to plant-based vaccines
• Genetic modification of plants for vaccine production
• Advantages and limitations
• Examples - Edible vaccines, Plant-derived influenza vaccine

17

Importance of Vaccine Development

• Control and prevention of infectious diseases
• Immunization programs and public health
• Eradication of diseases (e.g., smallpox)
• Role in global health equity
• Pandemic preparedness

18

Challenges in Vaccine Development

• Identification of suitable antigenic targets
• Safety and efficacy concerns
• Manufacturing and scalability
• Regulatory approval process
• Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation

19

Recent Advances in Vaccine Development

• mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19
• Universal influenza vaccines
• Therapeutic vaccines for cancer
• AI-driven vaccine design
• Needle-free vaccine delivery technologies

20

Conclusion

• Recap of the discussed topics
• Significance of biotechnological approaches in vaccine development
• Importance of vaccination in disease prevention
• Future directions and challenges in vaccine research
• Q&A session

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Different Types of Vaccines

• Live attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines
• Subunit vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines
• Conjugate vaccines

22

Live Attenuated Vaccines

• Introduction to live attenuated vaccines
• Weakening of pathogenic organisms
• Ability to replicate and induce immune response
• Examples - Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)

23

Inactivated Vaccines

• Introduction to inactivated vaccines
• Killing of pathogenic organisms
• Retaining antigenicity for immune response
• Examples - Polio, Hepatitis A

24

Subunit Vaccines

• Introduction to subunit vaccines
• Use of purified antigenic components
• Elimination of unnecessary components
• Examples - Hepatitis B, Human papillomavirus (HPV)

25

Toxoid Vaccines

• Introduction to toxoid vaccines
• Inactivation of toxins produced by bacteria
• Retaining immunogenicity of toxins
• Examples - Diphtheria, Tetanus

26

Conjugate Vaccines

• Introduction to conjugate vaccines
• Linking of bacterial polysaccharides with carrier proteins
• Enhancing immune response (especially in infants)
• Examples - Haemophilus influenzae type B, Pneumococcal vaccines

27

Vaccine Development Process

• Target identification and antigen selection
• Development of vaccine candidates
• Preclinical testing in animals
• Clinical trials (Phase I, II, III)
• Regulatory approval and post-marketing surveillance

28

Clinical Trials in Vaccine Development

• Phase I: Safety and dosage determination
• Phase II: Immunogenicity and efficacy assessment
• Phase III: Large-scale trials for verification
• Monitoring for adverse effects and long-term safety
• Ethics and informed consent

29

Regulatory Approval and Post-Marketing Surveillance

• Review by regulatory authorities (e.g., FDA, EMA)
• Evaluation of safety and efficacy data
• Manufacturing quality control
• Vaccine distribution and administration
• Monitoring of adverse events and effectiveness

30

Vaccine Hesitancy and Misinformation

• Definition and causes of vaccine hesitancy
• Impact of misinformation and myths
• Strategies to address vaccine hesitancy
• Public education and awareness campaigns
• Importance of trust and communication with healthcare providers