<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <p><strong>Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity?</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>There are many reasons, some obvious and others not so obvious, but all equally important</p> </li> <li> <p>They can be grouped into three categories: narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian, and ethical</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The narrowly utilitarian arguments for conserving biodiversity are obvious; humans derive countless direct economic benefits from naturefood (cereals, pulses, fruits), firewood, fibre, construction material, industrial products (tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, perfumes ) and products of medicinal importance</p> </li> <li> <p>More than 25 per cent of the drugs currently sold in the market worldwide are derived from plants and 25,000 species of plants contribute to the traditional medicines used by native peoples around the world</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Nobody knows how many more medicinally useful plants there are in tropical rain forests waiting to be explored</p> </li> <li> <p>With increasing resources put into ‘bioprospecting’ (exploring molecular, genetic and species-level diversity for products of economic importance), nations endowed with rich biodiversity can expect to reap enormous benefits</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The broadly utilitarian argument says that biodiversity plays a major role in many ecosystem services that nature provides</p> </li> <li> <p>The fast dwindling Amazon forest is estimated to produce, through photosynthesis, 20 per cent of the total oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Can we put an economic value on this service by nature?</p> </li> <li> <p>You can get some idea by finding out how much your neighborhood hospital spends on a cylinder of oxygen</p> </li> <li> <p>Pollination (without which plants cannot give us fruits or seeds) is another service, ecosystems provide through pollinators layer – bees, bumblebees, birds and bats</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>What will be the costs of accomplishing pollination without help from natural pollinators?</p> </li> <li> <p>There are other intangible benefits – that we derive from nature–the aesthetic pleasures of walking through thick woods, watching spring flowers in full bloom or waking up to a bulbul’s song in the morning</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Can we put a price tag on such things?</p> </li> <li> <p>The ethical argument for conserving biodiversity relates to what we owe to millions of plant, animal and microbe species with whom we share this planet</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Philosophically or spiritually, we need to realise that every species has an intrinsic value, even if it may not be of current or any economic value to us</p> </li> <li> <p>We have a moral duty to care for their well-being and pass on our biological legacy in good order to future generations</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <p><strong>How do we conserve Biodiversity?</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>When we conserve and protect the whole ecosystem, its biodiversity at all levels is protected - we save the entire forest to save the tiger</p> </li> <li> <p>This approach is called in situ (on site) conservation</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>However, when there are situations where an animal or plant is endangered or threatened (organisms facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future) and needs urgent measures to save it from extinction, ex situ (off site) conservation is the desirable approach</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>In situ conservation–</strong> Faced with the conflict between development and conservation, many nations find it unrealistic and economically not feasible to conserve all their biological wealth</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Invariably, the number of species waiting to be saved from extinction far exceeds the conservation resources available</p> </li> <li> <p>On a global basis, this problem has been addressed by eminent conservationists</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>They identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else)</p> </li> <li> <p>Initially 25 biodiversity hotspots were identified but subsequently nine more have been added to the list, bringing the total number of biodiversity hotspots in the world to 34</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>These hotspots are also regions of accelerated habitat loss</p> </li> <li> <p>Three of these hotspots – Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya – cover our country’s exceptionally high biodiversity regions</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Although all the biodiversity hotspots put together cover less than 2 per cent of the earth’s land area, the number of species they collectively harbour is extremely high and strict protection of these hotspots could reduce the ongoing mass extinctions by almost 30 per cent</p> </li> <li> <p>In India, ecologically unique and biodiversity-rich regions are legally protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>India now has 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national parks and 448 wildlife sanctuaries</p> </li> <li> <p>India has also a history of religious and cultural traditions that emphasised protection of nature</p> </li> <li> <p>In many cultures, tracts of forest were set aside, and all the trees and wildlife within were venerated and given total protection</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Such sacred groves are found in Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar areas of Madhya Pradesh</p> </li> <li> <p>In Meghalaya, the sacred groves are the last refuges for a large number of rare and threatened plants</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Ex situ Conservation–</strong> In this approach, threatened animals and plants are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be protected and given special care</p> </li> <li> <p>Zoological parks, botanical gardens and wildlife safari parks serve this purpose</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>There are many animals that have become extinct in the wild but continue to be maintained in zoological parks</p> </li> <li> <p>In recent years ex situ conservation has advanced beyond keeping threatened species in enclosures</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Now gametes of threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile condition for long periods using cryopreservation techniques, eggs can be fertilised in vitro, and plants can be propagated using tissue culture methods</p> </li> <li> <p>Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants can be kept for long periods in seed banks</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Biodiversity knows no political boundaries and its conservation is therefore a collective responsibility of all nations</p> </li> <li> <p>The historic Convention on Biological Diversity (‘The Earth Summit’) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, called upon all nations to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilisation of its benefits</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity and Conservation</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biodiversity Conservation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li>In a follow-up, the World Summit on Sustainable Development held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa, 190 countries pledged their commitment to achieve by 2010, a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss at global, regional and local levels</li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction$\rarr$ Biodiversity$\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Biodiversity Conservation</span> </footer>