<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>You may have heard of the earthworm being referred to as the farmer’s ‘friend’</p> </li> <li> <p>This is so because they help in the breakdown of complex organic matter as well as in loosening of the soil</p> </li> <li> <p>Similarly, decomposers break down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water and nutrients and the process is called decomposition</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark, flowers and dead remains of animals, including fecal matter, constitute detritus, which is the raw material for decomposition</p> </li> <li> <p>The important steps in the process of decomposition are fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification and mineralisation</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Detritivores (e.g., earthworm) break down detritus into smaller particles</p> </li> <li> <p>This process is called fragmentation</p> </li> <li> <p>By the process of leaching, watersoluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get precipitated as unavailable salts</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Bacterial and fungal enzymes degrade detritus into simpler inorganic substances</p> </li> <li> <p>This process is called as catabolism</p> </li> <li> <p>It is important to note that all the above steps in decomposition operate simultaneously on the detritus (Figure 12.1)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/dc5354a8-dbc7-4bbc-11cc-8af13fc67700/public"> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Humification and mineralisation occur during decomposition in the soil</p> </li> <li> <p>Humification leads to accumulation of a dark coloured amorphous substance called humus that is highly resistant to microbial action and undergoes decomposition at an extremely slow rate</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Being colloidal in nature it serves as a reservoir of nutrients</p> </li> <li> <p>The humus is further degraded by some microbes and release of inorganic nutrients occur by the process known as mineralisation</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Decomposition is largely an oxygen-requiring process</p> </li> <li> <p>The rate of decomposition is controlled by chemical composition of detritus and climatic factors</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>In a particular climatic condition, decomposition rate is slower if detritus is rich in lignin and chitin, and quicker, if detritus is rich in nitrogen and water-soluble substances like sugars</p> </li> <li> <p>Temperature and soil moisture are the most important climatic factors that regulate decomposition through their effects on the activities of soil microbes</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Decomposition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li>Warm and moist environment favour decomposition whereas low temperature and anaerobiosis inhibit decomposition resulting in build up of organic materials</li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Decomposition</span> $\rarr$ Energy Flow $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Except for the deep sea hydro-thermal ecosystem, sun is the only source of energy for all ecosystems on Earth</p> </li> <li> <p>Of the incident solar radiation less than 50 per cent of it is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>We know that plants and photosynthetic bacteria (autotrophs), fix Sun’s radiant energy to make food from simple inorganic materials</p> </li> <li> <p>Plants capture only 2-10 per cent of the PAR and this small amount of energy sustains the entire living world</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>So, it is very important to know how the solar energy captured by plants flows through different organisms of an ecosystem</p> </li> <li> <p>All organisms are dependent for their food on producers, either directly or indirectly</p> </li> <li> <p>So you find unidirectional flow of energy from the sun to producers and then to consumers</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Is this in keeping with the first law of thermodynamics?</p> </li> <li> <p>Further, ecosystems are not exempt from the Second Law of thermodynamics</p> </li> <li> <p>They need a constant supply of energy to synthesise the molecules they require, to counteract the universal tendency toward increasing disorderliness</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The green plant in the ecosystem are called producers</p> </li> <li> <p>In a terrestrial ecosystem, major producers are herbaceous and woody plants</p> </li> <li> <p>Likewise, producers in an aquatic ecosystem are various species like phytoplankton, algae and higher plants</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>You have read about the food chains and webs that exist in nature</p> </li> <li> <p>Starting from the plants (or producers) food chains or rather webs are formed such that an animal feeds on a plant or on another animal and in turn is food for another</p> </li> <li> <p>The chain or web is formed because of this interdependency</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>No energy that is trapped into an organism remains in it for ever</p> </li> <li> <p>The energy trapped by the producer, hence, is either passed on to a consumer or the organism dies</p> </li> <li> <p>Death of organism is the beginning of the detritus food chain/web</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>All animals depend on plants (directly or indirectly) for their food needs</p> </li> <li> <p>They are hence called consumers and also heterotrophs</p> </li> <li> <p>If they feed on the producers, the plants, they are called primary consumers, and if the animals eat other animals which in turn eat the plants (or their produce) they are called secondary consumers</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Likewise, you could have tertiary consumers too</p> </li> <li> <p>Obviously the primary consumers will be herbivores</p> </li> <li> <p>Some common herbivores are insects, birds and mammals in terrestrial ecosystem and molluscs in aquatic ecosystem</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The consumers that feed on these herbivores are carnivores, or more correctly primary carnivores (though secondary consumers)</p> </li> <li> <p>Those animals that depend on the primary carnivores for food are labelled secondary carnivores</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li>A simple grazing food chain (GFC) is depicted below:</li> </ul> <p>$\underset{(Producer)}{Grass}\rightarrow$ $\underset{\text{(Primary consumer)}}{Goat}\rightarrow$ $\underset{\text{(Secondary consumer)}}{Man}\rightarrow$</p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The detritus food chain (DFC) begins with dead organic matter</p> </li> <li> <p>It is made up of decomposers which are heterotrophic organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria</p> </li> <li> <p>They meet their energy and nutrient requirements by degrading dead organic matter or detritus</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>These are also known as saprotrophs (sapro: to decompose)</p> </li> <li> <p>Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes that breakdown dead and waste materials into simple, inorganic materials, which are subsequently absorbed by them</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>In an aquatic ecosystem, GFC is the major conduit for energy flow</p> </li> <li> <p>As against this, in a terrestrial ecosystem, a much larger fraction of energy flows through the detritus food chain than through the GFC</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Detritus food chain may be connected with the grazing food chain at some levels: some of the organisms of DFC are prey to the GFC animals, and in a natural ecosystem, some animals like cockroaches, crows, etc., are omnivores</p> </li> <li> <p>These natural interconnection of food chains make it a food web</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>How would you classify human beings! Organisms occupy a place in the natural surroundings or in a community according to their feeding relationship with other organisms</p> </li> <li> <p>Based on the source of their nutrition or food, organisms occupy a specific place in the food chain that is known as their trophic level</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li>Producers belong to the first trophic level, herbivores (primary consumer) to the second and carnivores (secondary consumer) to the third (Figure 12.2)</li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/0e28b11f-380d-492f-924f-c6a998d07800/public"> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The important point to note is that the amount of energy decreases at successive trophic levels</p> </li> <li> <p>When any organism dies it is converted to detritus or dead biomass that serves as an energy source for decomposers</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Organisms at each trophic level depend on those at the lower trophic level for their energy demands</p> </li> <li> <p>Each trophic level has a certain mass of living material at a particular time called as the standing crop</p> </li> <li> <p>The standing crop is measured as the mass of living organisms (biomass) or the number in a unit area</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The biomass of a species is expressed in terms of fresh or dry weight</p> </li> <li> <p>Measurement of biomass in terms of dry weight is more accurate. Why?</p> </li> <li> <p>The number of trophic levels in the grazing food chain is restricted as the transfer of energy follows 10 per cent law – only 10 per cent of the energy is transferred to each trophic level from the lower trophic level</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>In nature, it is possible to have so many levels – producer, herbivore, primary carnivore, secondary carnivore in the grazing food chain (Figure 12.3)</p> </li> <li> <p>Do you think there is any such limitation in a detritus food chain?</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Ecosystem</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Energy Flow</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/250a27f1-1049-46df-6666-6b2385e59600/public"> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Ecosystem–Structure and Function $\rarr$ Productivity $\rarr$ Decomposition $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Energy Flow</span> $\rarr$ Ecological Pyramids</footer>