<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Recombinant DNA technology involves several steps in specific sequence such as isolation of DNA, fragmentation of DNA by restriction endonucleases, isolation of a desired DNA fragment, ligation of the DNA fragment into a vector, transferring the recombinant DNA into the host, culturing the host cells in a medium at large scale and extraction of the desired product</p> </li> <li> <p>Let us examine each of these steps in some details</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Recall that nucleic acid is the genetic material of all organisms without exception</p> </li> <li> <p>In majority of organisms this is deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>In order to cut the DNA with restriction enzymes, it needs to be in pure form, free from other macro-molecules</p> </li> <li> <p>Since the DNA is enclosed within the membranes, we have to break the cell open to release DNA along with other macromolecules such as RNA, proteins, polysaccharides and also lipids</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>This can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells/plant or animal tissue with enzymes such as lysozyme (bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus)</p> </li> <li> <p>You know that genes are located on long molecules of DNA interwined with proteins such as histones</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The RNA can be removed by treatment with ribonuclease whereas proteins can be removed by treatment with protease</p> </li> <li> <p>Other molecules can be removed by appropriate treatments and purified DNA ultimately precipitates out after the addition of chilled ethanol</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li>This can be seen as collection of fine threads in the suspension (Figure 9.5)</li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <img src= "https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/images/ncertbook/bio/b12/biotechnology/ncert_b12_ch09_%20dna_that_separates__spooling.png"> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Restriction enzyme digestions are performed by incubating purified DNA molecules with the restriction enzyme, at the optimal conditions for that specific enzyme</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Agarose gel electrophoresis is employed to check the progression of a restriction enzyme digestion</p> </li> <li> <p>DNA is a negatively charged molecule, hence it moves towards the positive electrode (anode) (Figure 9.3)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <img src= "https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/images/ncertbook/bio/b12/biotechnology/ncert_b12_ch09_electrophoresis_showing_migration.png"> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The process is repeated with the vector DNA also</p> </li> <li> <p>The joining of DNA involves several processes</p> </li> <li> <p>After having cut the source DNA as well as the vector DNA with a specific restriction enzyme, the cut out ‘gene of interest’ from the source DNA and the cut vector with space are mixed and ligase is added</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>This results in the preparation of recombinant DNA</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li>In this reaction, multiple copies of the gene (or DNA) of interest is synthesised in vitro using two sets of primers (small chemically synthesised oligonucleotides that are complementary to the regions of DNA) and the enzyme DNA polymerase</li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The enzyme extends the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as template</p> </li> <li> <p>If the process of replication of DNA is repeated many times, the segment of DNA can be amplified to approximately billion times, i.e., 1 billion copies are made</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Such repeated amplification is achieved by the use of a thermostable DNA polymerase (isolated from a bacterium, Thermus aquaticus), which remain active during the high temperature induced denaturation of double stranded DNA</p> </li> <li> <p>The amplified fragment if desired can now be used to ligate with a vector for further cloning (Figure9.6)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <img src= "https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/images/ncertbook/bio/b12/biotechnology/ncert_b12_ch09_polymerase_chain_reaction.png"> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>There are several methods of introducing the ligated DNA into recipient cells</p> </li> <li> <p>Recipient cells after making them ‘competent’ to receive, take up DNA present in its surrounding</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>So, if a recombinant DNA bearing gene for resistance to an antibiotic (e.g., ampicillin) is transferred into E</p> </li> <li> <p>coli cells, the host cells become transformed into ampicillin-resistant cells</p> </li> <li> <p>If we spread the transformed cells on agar plates containing ampicillin, only transformants will grow, untransformed recipient cells will die</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Since, due to ampicillin resistance gene, one is able to select a transformed cell in the presence of ampicillin</p> </li> <li> <p>The ampicillin resistance gene in this case is called a selectable marker</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>When you insert a piece of alien DNA into a cloning vector and transfer it into a bacterial, plant or animal cell, the alien DNA gets multiplied</p> </li> <li> <p>In almost all recombinant technologies, the ultimate aim is to produce a desirable protein</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Hence, there is a need for the recombinant DNA to be expressed</p> </li> <li> <p>The foreign gene gets expressed under appropriate conditions</p> </li> <li> <p>The expression of foreign genes in host cells involve understanding many technical details</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>After having cloned the gene of interest and having optimised the conditions to induce the expression of the target protein, one has to consider producing it on a large scale</p> </li> <li> <p>Can you think of any reason why there is a need for large-scale production? If any protein encoding gene is expressed in a heterologous host, it is called a recombinant protein</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The cells harbouring cloned genes of interest may be grown on a small scale in the laboratory</p> </li> <li> <p>The cultures may be used for extracting the desired protein and then purifying it by using different separation techniques</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The cells can also be multiplied in a continuous culture system wherein the used medium is drained out from one side while fresh medium is added from the other to maintain the cells in their physiologically most active log/exponential phase</p> </li> <li> <p>This type of culturing method produces a larger biomass leading to higher yields of desired protein</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Small volume cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products</p> </li> <li> <p>To produce in large quantities, the development of bioreactors, where large volumes (100-1000 litres) of culture can be processed, was required</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Thus, bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial plant, animal or human cells</p> </li> <li> <p>A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li>The most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type, which are shown in Figure 9.7</li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <img src= "https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/images/ncertbook/bio/b12/biotechnology/ncert_b12_ch09_simple_stirred_tank_bioreactor.png"> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>A stirred-tank reactor is usually cylindrical or with a curved base to facilitate the mixing of the reactor contents</p> </li> <li> <p>The stirrer facilitates even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Alternatively air can be bubbled through the reactor</p> </li> <li> <p>If you look at the figure closely you will see that the bioreactor has an agitator system, an oxygen delivery system and a foam control system, a temperature control system, pH control system and sampling ports so that small volumes of the culture can be withdrawn periodically</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Downstream Processing</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it is ready for marketing as a finished product</p> </li> <li> <p>The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as downstream processing</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Biotechnology : Principles and Processes</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>The product has to be formulated with suitable preservatives</p> </li> <li> <p>Such formulation has to undergo thorough clinical trials as in case of drugs</p> </li> <li> <p>Strict quality control testing for each product is also required</p> </li> <li> <p>The downstream processing and quality control testing vary from product to product.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Intoduction $\rarr$ Principles of Biotechnology $\rarr$ Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology</span></footer>