<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe</p> </li> <li> <p>More than a million Indians suffer from cancer and a large number of them die from it annually</p> </li> <li> <p>The mechanisms that underlie development of cancer or oncogenic transformation of cells, its treatment and control have been some of the most intense areas of research in biology and medicine</p> </li> <li> <p>In our body, cell growth and differentiation is highly controlled and regulated</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>In cancer cells, there is breakdown of these regulatory mechanisms</p> </li> <li> <p>Normal cells show a property called contact inhibition by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth</p> </li> <li> <p>Cancer cells appears to have lost this property</p> </li> <li> <p>As a result of this, cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called tumors</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Tumors are of two types: benign and malignant</p> </li> <li> <p>Benign tumors normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body and cause little damage</p> </li> <li> <p>The malignant tumors, on the other hand are a mass of proliferating cells called neoplastic or tumor cells</p> </li> <li> <p>These cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>As these cells actively divide and grow they also starve the normal cells by competing for vital nutrients</p> </li> <li> <p>Cells sloughed from such tumors reach distant sites through blood, and wherever they get lodged in the body, they start a new tumor there</p> </li> <li> <p>This property called metastasis is the most feared property of malignant tumors.Causes of cancer : Transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by physical, chemical or biological agents</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>These agents are called carcinogens</p> </li> <li> <p>Ionising radiations like X-rays and gamma rays and non-ionizing radiations like UV cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation</p> </li> <li> <p>The chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a major cause of lung cancer</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have genes called viral oncogenes</p> </li> <li> <p>Furthermore, several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes have been identified in normal cells which, when activated under certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells</p> </li> <li> <p>Cancer detection and diagnosis : Early detection of cancers is essential as it allows the disease to be treated successfully in many cases</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Cancer detection is based on biopsy and histopathological studies of the tissue and blood and bone marrow tests for increased cell counts in the case of leukemias</p> </li> <li> <p>In biopsy, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope (histopathological studies) by a pathologist</p> </li> <li> <p>Techniques like radiography (use of X-rays), CT (computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) are very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Computed tomography uses X-rays to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object</p> </li> <li> <p>MRI uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue</p> </li> <li> <p>Antibodies against cancer -specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Techniques of molecular biology can be applied to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers</p> </li> <li> <p>Identification of such genes, which predispose an individual to certain cancers, may be very helpful in prevention of cancers</p> </li> <li> <p>Such individuals may be advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens to which they are susceptible (e.g., tobacco smoke in case of lung cancer)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Treatment of cancer : The common approaches for treatment of cancer are surgery, radiation therapy and immunotherapy</p> </li> <li> <p>In radiotherapy, tumor cells are irradiated lethally, taking proper care of the normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass</p> </li> <li> <p>Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells</p> </li> <li> <p>Some of these are specific for particular tumors</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Cancer</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'> <ul> <li> <p>Majority of drugs have side effects like hair loss, anemia, etc</p> </li> <li> <p>Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy</p> </li> <li> <p>Tumor cells have been shown to avoid detection and destruction by immune system</p> </li> <li> <p>Therefore, the patients are given substances called biological response modifiers such as α-interferon which activates their immune system and helps in destroying the tumor</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Cancer</span> $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>