cx-ncert-theory-class12-chap07-human-health-and-disease-en-part01

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Intorduction</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Awareness about diseases and their effect on different bodily functions, vaccination (immunisation) against infectious diseases, proper disposal of wastes, control of vectors and maintenance of hygiene in food and water resources are necessary for achieving good health</p>
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<p>When the functioning of one or more organs or systems of the body is adversely affected, characterised by appearance of various signs and symptoms, we say that we are not healthy, i.e., we have a disease</p>
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<footer style= "font-size:18px"><span style= "color:blue">Introduction</span> $\rarr$ Common Diseases in Humans $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ Cancer $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Common Diseases in Humans</B></Primary></p>
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<p><em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> is a protozoan parasite in the large intestine of human which causes amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)</p>
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<p>Symptoms of this disease include constipation, abdominal pain and cramps, stools with excess mucous and blood clots</p>
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<p>Houseflies act as mechanical carriers and serve to transmit the parasite from faeces of infected person to food and food products, thereby contaminating them</p>
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<p>Drinking water and food contaminated by the faecal matter are the main source of infection</p>
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<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Common Diseases in Humans</span> $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ Cancer $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Common Diseases in Humans</B></Primary></p>
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<p>The eggs of the parasite are excreted along with the faeces of infected persons which contaminate soil, water, plants, etc</p>
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<p>A healthy person acquires this infection through contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc</p>
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<p>Wuchereria (W. - bancrofti and W. - malayi), the filarial worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease is called elephantiasis or filariasis (Figure 7.2)</p>
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<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Common Diseases in Humans</span> $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ Cancer $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Common Diseases in Humans</B></Primary></p>
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<p>The genital organs are also often affected, resulting in gross deformities</p>
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<p>The pathogens are transmitted to a healthy person through the bite by the female mosquito vectors.Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for ringworms which is one of the most common infectious diseases in man</p>
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<p>Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp (Figure 7.3) are the main symptoms of the disease</p>
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<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Common Diseases in Humans</span> $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ Cancer $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Common Diseases in Humans</B></Primary></p>
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<p>These lesions are accompanied by intense itching</p>
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<p>Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow, which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes</p>
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<p>Ringworms are generally acquired from soil or by using towels, clothes or even the comb of infected individuals.Maintenance of personal and public hygiene is very important for prevention and control of many infectious diseases</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Common Diseases in Humans</span> $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ Cancer $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Common Diseases in Humans</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Measures for personal hygiene include keeping the body clean; consumption of clean drinking water, food, vegetables, fruits, etc</p>
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<p>Public hygiene includes proper disposal of waste and excreta; periodic cleaning and disinfection of water reservoirs, pools, cesspools and tanks and observing standard practices of hygiene in public catering</p>
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<p>These measures are particularly essential where the infectious agents are transmitted through food and water such as typhoid, amoebiasis and ascariasis</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Common Diseases in Humans</span> $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ Cancer $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Human Health and Disease</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Common Diseases in Humans</B></Primary></p>
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<p>The use of vaccines and immunisation programmes have enabled us to completely eradicate a deadly disease like smallpox</p>
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<p>A large number of other infectious diseases like polio, diphtheria, pneumonia and tetanus have been controlled to a large extent by the use of vaccines</p>
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<p>Biotechnology (about which you will read more in Chapter 10) is at the verge of making available newer and safer vaccines</p>
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<p>Discovery of antibiotics and various other drugs has also enabled us to effectively treat infectious diseases</p>
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<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ <span style= "color:blue">Common Diseases in Humans</span> $\rarr$ Immunity $\rarr$ AIDS $\rarr$ Cancer $\rarr$ Drugs and Alcohol Abuse</footer>