cx-ncert-theory-class12-chap06-evolution-en-part02

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Conventional religious literature tells us about the theory of special creation</p>
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<p>This theory has three connotations</p>
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<p>One, that all living organisms (species or types) that we see today were created as such</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</span> $\rarr$ What are the Evidences for Evolution $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Two, that the diversity was always the same since creation and will be the same in future also</p>
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<p>Three, that earth is about 4000 years old</p>
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<p>All these ideas were strongly challenged during the nineteenth century</p>
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<p>Based on observations made during a sea voyage in a sail ship called H.M.S</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</span> $\rarr$ What are the Evidences for Evolution $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Beagle round the world, Charles Darwin concluded that existing living forms share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but also with life forms that existed millions of years ago</p>
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<p>Many such life forms do not exist any more</p>
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<p>There had been extinctions of different life forms in the years gone by just as new forms of life arose at different periods of history of earth</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</span> $\rarr$ What are the Evidences for Evolution $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</B></Primary></p>
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<p>There has been gradual evolution of life forms</p>
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<p>Any population has built in variation in characteristics</p>
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<p>Those characteristics which enable some to survive better in natural conditions (climate, food, physical factors, etc.) would outbreed others that are less-endowed to survive under such natural conditions</p>
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<p>Another word used is fitness of the individual or population</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</span> $\rarr$ What are the Evidences for Evolution $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</B></Primary></p>
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<p>The fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to reproductive fitness</p>
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<p>Hence, those who are better fit in an environment, leave more progeny than others</p>
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<p>These, therefore, will survive more and hence are selected by nature</p>
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<p>He called it natural selection and implied it as a mechanism of evolution</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</span> $\rarr$ What are the Evidences for Evolution $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Let us also remember that Alfred Wallace, a naturalist who worked in Malay Archipelago had also come to similar conclusions around the same time</p>
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<p>In due course of time, apparently new types of organisms are recognisable</p>
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<p>All the existing life forms share similarities and share common ancestors</p>
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<p>However, these ancestors were present at different periods in the history of earth (epochs, periods and eras)</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory</span> $\rarr$ What are the Evidences for Evolution $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Rocks form sediments and a cross-section of earth’s crust indicates the arrangement of sediments one over the other during the long history of earth</p>
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<p>Different-aged rock sediments contain fossils of different life-forms who probably died during the formation of the particular sediment</p>
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<p>Some of them appear similar to modern organisms (Figure 6.2)</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>They represent extinct organisms (e.g., Dinosaurs)</p>
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<p>A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers indicates the geological period in which they existed</p>
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<p>The study showed that life-forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological timespans</p>
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<p>Hence, new forms of life have arisen at different times in the history of earth</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>All this is called paleontological evidence</p>
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<p><em>Do you remember how the ages of the fossils are calculated? Do you recollect the method of radioactive-dating and the principles behind the procedure?</em></p>
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<p>Embryological support for evolution was also proposed by Ernst Heckel based upon the observation of certain features during embryonic stage common to all vertebrates that are absent in adult</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>For example, the embryos of all vertebrates including human develop a row of vestigial gill slit just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other adult vertebrates</p>
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<p>However, this proposal was disapproved on careful study performed by Karl Ernst von Baer</p>
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<p>He noted that embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Comparative anatomy and morphology shows similarities and differences among organisms of today and those that existed years ago.
Such similarities can be interpreted to understand whether common ancestors were shared or not</p>
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<p>For example whales, bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs (Figure 6.3b)</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left;font-size:23px'>
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<p>Though these forelimbs perform different functions in these animals, they have similar anatomical structure – all of them have humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in their forelimbs</p>
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<p>Hence, in these animals, the same structure developed along different directions due to adaptations to different needs</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>This is divergent evolution and these structures are homologous</p>
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<p>Homology indicates common ancestry</p>
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<p>Other examples are vertebrate hearts or brains</p>
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<p>Inplants also, the thorn and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent homology (Figure 6.3a)</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Homology is based on divergent evolution whereas analogy refers to a situation exactly opposite</p>
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<p>Wings of butterfly and of birds look alike</p>
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<p>They are not anatomically similar structures though they perform similar functions</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Hence, analogous structures are a result of convergent evolution - different structures evolving for the same function and hence having similarity</p>
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<p>Other examples of analogy are the eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and Dolphins</p>
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<p>One can say that it is the similar habitat that has resulted in selection of similar adaptive features in different groups of organisms but toward the same function: Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification) is another example for analogy</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>In the same line of argument, similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to common ancestry</p>
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<p>These biochemical similarities point to the same shared ancestry as structural similarities among diverse organisms</p>
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<p>Man has bred selected plants and
animals for agriculture, horticulture, sport or security</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Man has domesticated many wild animals and crops</p>
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<p>This intensive breeding programme has created breeds that differ from other breeds (e.g., dogs) but still are of the same group</p>
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<p>It is argued that if within hundreds of years, man could create new breeds, could not nature have done the same over millions of years? Another interesting observation supporting evolution by natural selection comes from England</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>In a collection of moths made in 1850s, i.e., before industrialisation set in, it was observed that there were more white-winged moths on trees than dark-winged or melanised moths</p>
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<p>However, in the collection carried out from the same area, but after industrialisation, i.e., in 1920, there were more dark-winged moths in the same area, i.e., the proportion was reversed.
The explanation put forth for this observation was that ‘predators will spot a moth against a contrasting background’</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>During postindustrialisation period, the tree trunks became dark due to industrial smoke and soots</p>
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<p>Under this condition the white-winged moth did not survive due to predators, dark-winged or melanised moth survived</p>
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<p>Before industrialisation set in, thick growth of almost white-coloured lichen covered the trees - in that background the white winged moth survived but the dark-coloured moth were picked out by predators</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Do you know that lichens can be used as industrial pollution indicators? They will not grow in areas that are polluted</p>
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<p>Hence, moths that were able to camouflage themselves, i.e., hide in the background, survived (Figure 6.4)</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>This understanding is supported by the fact that in areas where industrialisation did not occur e.g., in rural areas, the count of melanic moths was low</p>
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<p>This showed that in a mixed population, those that can better-adapt, survive and increase in population size</p>
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<p>Remember that no variant is completely wiped out</p>
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<hr>
<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>

<p><Success style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:30px"><B>Evolution</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style = "float: center; text-align: center; font-size:26px"><B>What are the Evidences for Evolution</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Similarly, excess use of herbicides, pesticides, etc., has only resulted in selection of resistant varieties in a much lesser time scale</p>
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<p>This is also true for microbes against which we employ antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic organisms/cell</p>
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<p>Hence, resistant organisms/cells are appearing in a time scale of months or years and not centuries</p>
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<p>These are examples of evolution by anthropogenic action</p>
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<footer style= "font-size:18px">Introduction $\rarr$ Origin of Life  $\rarr$ Evolution of Life Forms - A Theory $\rarr$ <span style="color:blue">What are the Evidences for Evolution</span> $\rarr$ What is Adaptive Radiation $\rarr$ Biological Evolution $\rarr$ Mechanism of Evolution $\rarr$ Hardy - Weinberg Principle $\rarr$ A Brief Account of Evolution $\rarr$ Origin and Evolution of Man</footer>