<div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <h3 id="successplant-cell-culture--application-transgenic-plantsuccess"><Success>Plant cell culture & application transgenic plant</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-011-0019.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successconventional-breeding-of-plantssuccess"><Success>Conventional breeding of plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>How?</strong></p> <p><strong>Limitations</strong></p> <ul> <li>Limited to the similar or same species</li> <li>Little or no guarantee of gene combination superiority from crosses</li> <li>Undesirable genes can also be transferred</li> <li>Takes a long time to achieve desired traits</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a53e13d7-3040-4e74-0090-f0c817c79000/public" width="80%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successconventional-breeding-of-plantssuccess-1"><Success>Conventional breeding of plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Conventional Breeding</strong></p> <ul> <li>Umited to exchanges between the same or very closely related species</li> <li>Little or no guarantee of any particular pene</li> <li>combination from the million of crosses generatad Undesirable penes can be transferred along</li> <li>with desirable penes Takes a long time to achieve desired results</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ab094645-07f5-495a-b293-40d59369a300/public" width="75%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successconventional-breeding-of-plantssuccess-2"><Success>Conventional breeding of plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Genetic Engineering</strong></p> <ul> <li>Allows the direct transfer of one or just a few genes, between either closely distanly related organisms</li> <li>Crop improvement can be achieved in a shorter time compared to conventional breeding</li> <li>Allows plants to be modified by removing or switching off particular genes</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e895acac-0b98-429a-6e8a-3d9175a6f800/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successmethods-of-gene-transfersuccess"><Success>Methods of gene transfer</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Ti plasmid-mediated gene transfer</li> <li>Microprojectile</li> <li>bombardment</li> <li>Viral vectors</li> <li>Direct gene transfer into plant protoplasts</li> <li>Microinjection</li> <li>Electroporation</li> <li>Liposome fusion</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-017-0450.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successmethods-of-gene-transfersuccess-1"><Success>Methods of gene transfer</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>An excellent and highly effective system that is limited to a few kinds of plants</li> <li>Used with a wide range of plants and tissues; easy and inexpensive</li> <li>Not an effective way to deliver DNA to plant cells</li> <li>Can be used only with plant cell protoplasts that can be regenerated into viable plants</li> <li>Has limited usefulness because only one cell can be injected at a time; requires the services of a highly skilled individual</li> <li>Generally limited to plant cell protoplasts that can be regenerated into viable plants</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-017-0450.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h5 id="successplant-transformation-with-the-ti-plasmid-of-_agrobacterium-tumefaciens_success"><Success>Plant transformation with the Ti plasmid of <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em></Success></h5> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Most common method</li> <li><em>A. tumefaciens</em> is a gram-negative soil bacterium which naturally transforms plant cells, resulting in crown gall (cancer) tumors</li> <li>Tumor formation is the result of the transfer, integration and expression of genes on a specific segment of <em>A. tumefaciens</em> plasmid DNA called the T-DNA (transferred DNA)</li> <li>The T-DNA resides on a large plasmid called the Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid found in <em>A. tumefaciens</em></li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-018-0518.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successti-plasmidsuccess"><Success>Ti Plasmid</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Large (200-kb)</li> <li>Conjugative</li> <li>~10% of plasmid transferred to plant cell after infection</li> <li>Transferred DNA (called T- DNA) integrates into nuclear DNA</li> <li>Ti plasmid also encodes -</li> <li>Enzymes involved in opine metabolism</li> <li>proteins involved in mobilizing T- DNA (Vir genes)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/385c9833-1db0-4252-b1a3-5c40e6e9f900/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successti-plasmidsuccess-1"><Success>Ti Plasmid</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Clone YFG (your favorite gene) or the target gene in the small T-DNA plasmid in <em>E. coli</em>, isolate the plasmid and use it to transform the disarmed <em>A. tumefaciens</em></strong></p> <ul> <li>Plant genetic engineering with the binary Ti plasmid system</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/385c9833-1db0-4252-b1a3-5c40e6e9f900/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successtransgenic-plantsuccess"><Success>Transgenic plant</Success></h3> </div> <!--<div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'>--> <!--</div>--> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c4b9992a-97d3-4726-ded6-e128cda8e900/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h4 id="successmicro-projectile-bombardment-or-biolistic-mediated-dna-transfection-equipmentsuccess"><Success>Micro-projectile bombardment or biolistic-mediated DNA transfection equipment</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: left; width:40%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>When the helium pressure builds to a certain point, the plastic rupture disk bursts, and the released gas accelerates the flying disk with the DNA-coated gold particles on its lower side. The gold particles pass the stopping screen, which holds back the flying disk, and penetrate the cells of the plant</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:60%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/818f762b-5944-45b2-c8a3-c6487a861a00/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successgene-gunsuccess"><Success>Gene gun</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/307f2dc9-329d-4aaa-ca9d-bfd4255b9300/public" width="70%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/bf01cb10-b96e-45c5-7d08-9b2732d8c600/public" width="90%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successtransgenic-plantsuccess-1"><Success>Transgenic plant</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1606378b-f590-466d-f9ae-116b2b3c1100/public" width="50%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/7083c5e5-a50f-4017-f4bf-74ac61f6dd00/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <Success> <h3 id="_agrobacterium_-vs-gene-gun"><em>Agrobacterium</em> VS Gene gun</h3> </Success> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong><em>Agrobacterium</em> -</strong></p> <ul> <li>Limited to some plant species</li> <li>Systematic</li> <li>less copy number</li> <li>Higher chances of optimum transgene expression</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Gene gun:</strong></p> <ul> <li>With gene gun practically any plant can be transformed if tissue culture protocol is available</li> </ul> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successother-methods-of-vector-lessdirect-gene-transfer-in-plantssuccess"><Success>Other methods of vector less/direct gene transfer in plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Microinjection -</strong></p> <ul> <li>Here, the DNA is directly injected into plant protoplasts (specifically into the nucleus) using fine tipped (0.5-10 micrometer diameter) glass needle or micropipette to transform plant cells</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ac86c675-b766-493c-f01c-615a0f67c300/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successother-methods-of-vector-lessdirect-gene-transfer-in-plantssuccess-1"><Success>Other methods of vector less/direct gene transfer in plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Microinjection -</strong></p> <ul> <li>The protoplasts are immobilized on a solid support (e.g. agarose on a microscopic slide) or held with a holding pipette under suction, and the DNA is injected into the protoplasts with the help of a fine microscope</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ac86c675-b766-493c-f01c-615a0f67c300/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successother-methods-of-vector-lessdirect-gene-transfer-in-plantssuccess-2"><Success>Other methods of vector less/direct gene transfer in plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Chemical mediated gene transfer -</strong></p> <p>Certain chemicals like polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dextran sulphate induce DNA uptake into plant protoplasts</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2f94f51e-0a8a-40ef-ed8a-2663416b1600/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successother-methods-of-vector-lessdirect-gene-transfer-in-plantssuccess-3"><Success>Other methods of vector less/direct gene transfer in plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Electroporation -</strong></p> <p>In this case, a pulse of high voltage is applied to protoplasts/cells/tissues, which makes transient (temporary) pores the plasma-membrane which facilitates the uptake of foreign DNA. The DNA is mixed with the plant protoplasts in a specially made cuvettes before the application of the electric field</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e5d4c8a1-c098-4584-2100-6beb3d6af300/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modifiedsuccess"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Alfalfa</td> <td style="text-align:center">Camation</td> <td style="text-align:center">Kiwi fruit</td> <td style="text-align:center">Papaya</td> <td style="text-align:center">Potato</td> <td style="text-align:center">Sunflower</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Apple</td> <td style="text-align:center">Carrot</td> <td style="text-align:center">Lettuce</td> <td style="text-align:center">Pea</td> <td style="text-align:center">Red fescue</td> <td style="text-align:center">Sweet potato</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><em>Arabidopsis</em></td> <td style="text-align:center">Corn (maize)</td> <td style="text-align:center">Licorice</td> <td style="text-align:center">Peanut</td> <td style="text-align:center">Rice</td> <td style="text-align:center">Tall fescue</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Asparagus</td> <td style="text-align:center">Cotton</td> <td style="text-align:center">Lily</td> <td style="text-align:center">Pear</td> <td style="text-align:center">Rye</td> <td style="text-align:center">Tobacco</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Banana</td> <td style="text-align:center">Cranberry</td> <td style="text-align:center">Lotus</td> <td style="text-align:center">Pearl millet</td> <td style="text-align:center">Sorghum</td> <td style="text-align:center">Tomato</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modifiedsuccess-1"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> <th style="text-align:center"></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Barley</td> <td style="text-align:center">Cucumber</td> <td style="text-align:center">Norway spruce</td> <td style="text-align:center">Peony</td> <td style="text-align:center">Soybean</td> <td style="text-align:center">Wheat</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Bean</td> <td style="text-align:center">Eggplant</td> <td style="text-align:center">Oat</td> <td style="text-align:center">Petunia</td> <td style="text-align:center">Strawberry</td> <td style="text-align:center">White spruce</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Cabbage</td> <td style="text-align:center">Flax</td> <td style="text-align:center">Orchard</td> <td style="text-align:center">Plantain</td> <td style="text-align:center">Sugar beet</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Canola</td> <td style="text-align:center">Grape</td> <td style="text-align:center">Orchid</td> <td style="text-align:center">Poplar</td> <td style="text-align:center">Sugarcane</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successtransgenic-plants-for-food-security-or-nutrient-securitysuccess"><Success>Transgenic plants for food security (or nutrient security)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='display: flex; justify-content: center; width:100%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/9a087cd9-54cd-4f58-2799-554f2c1a4a00/public" style='width:60%'> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successepidemiologysuccess"><Success>Epidemiology</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>124 million children are deficient in vitamin A - 1-2 million deaths annually (1-4 years) - 0.25-0.5 million deaths (5-10 years) UNICEF; Humphrey et al., 1992) - A severe public health problem in (118) countries (WHO)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ed1307d2-4bf1-468b-4a42-545d1f187c00/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successß-carotene-pathway-problem-in-plantssuccess"><Success>ẞ-Carotene pathway problem in plants</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>IPP</li> <li>Geranylgeranyl diphosphate</li> <li>Phytoene</li> <li>Lycopene</li> <li>B-carotene (vitamin A precursor)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/23e49ff3-b9fb-4569-3433-79481a316400/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successt-dna-cassette-used-for-making-golden-ricesuccess"><Success>T-DNA cassette used for making Golden rice</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c804f38e-5397-4770-37bb-3df398d43f00/public" width="70%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successimproved-provitamin-a-accumulation-in-golden-ricesuccess"><Success>Improved provitamin A accumulation in golden rice</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>It is estimated that 50 g uncooked Golden Rice 2, which is a reasonable serving size for children aged 4-8 y in rice eating regions, who eat -130-200 g rice/d, would be able to provide >90% of vitamin A estimated average requirement (EAR) (275 µg retinol/d) or >60% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) which is 400 µg retinol/d</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5a9e945f-fcd4-4a3b-a639-1490e9706300/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h4 id="successgenetic-engineering-for-biotic-stress--pest-control-bt-cotton-and-other-bt--plantssuccess"><Success>Genetic engineering for biotic stress- pest control Bt-Cotton and other Bt- plants</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Over the years, conventional methods such as spray of insecticides failed to control cotton ball worm (and many other insect pests) due to resistance development in insects</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e5751486-694f-4cbd-7473-a56c38081300/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <Success> <h5 id="cry-genes-for-delta-endotoxins-popularly-known-as-bt-genes-from-a-bacterium-_bacillus-thuringiensis_">Cry genes for delta endotoxins (popularly known as Bt genes) from a bacterium <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em></h5> </Success> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>The first genes available for genetic engineering of crop plants for pest resistance were Cry genes (popularly known as Bt genes) from a bacterium <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em></li> <li>These are specific to particular group of insect pests, and are not harmful to other useful insects like butter flies and silk worms</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e4bc0322-f6c5-4abc-00dd-fdb07b421300/public" width="50%"> </div>

<div> <h5 id="heading"></h5> <Success> <p>Cry genes for delta endotoxins (popularly known as Bt genes) from a bacterium <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em></p> </Success> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Bt cotton Crylac gene Bollworm. The most notable example is Bt cotton (which contains Crylac gene) that is resistant to pest Bollworm</li> <li>Transgenic crops with Br genes (e.g. cotton, rice, maize, potato, tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, cabbage, etc.) have been developed</li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modified-herbicide-tolerancesuccess"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified-Herbicide tolerance</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Herbicide tolerance -</strong> Weeds (plants growing where they are not wanted, e.g. Striga) decrease crop yields and quality primarily by competing with crop plants for light, water and nutrients. Farmers apply herbicides/weedicides (e.g. glyphosate popularly known as ‘Roundup’) for the eradication of weeds in the fields</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-042-2628.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modified-herbicide-tolerancesuccess-1"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified-Herbicide tolerance</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>The main problem with this is the development of herbicide tolerance by weeds over the years</li> <li>The most commonly employed approach is the over-production of herbicide target enzyme (usually in the chloroplast) in the plant, so that it becomes insensitive to the herbicide</li> <li>The popular example for such an approach is the introduction of a modified gene coding for enzyme which degrades herbicide when present in target cell into crop plants</li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modified-disease-resistancesuccess"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified-disease resistance</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Plant pathogens (such as viruses, fungi and bacteria) infect crop plants and drastically reduce their yield and quality</li> <li>Globally, several diseases have caused havoc atveral points of time in several countries</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d130a292-76a7-4358-ddf9-5f514f152800/public" width="50%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modified-disease-resistancesuccess-1"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified-disease resistance</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>For instance, the great Irish famine resulted in great damage of potato crop due to the late blight disease caused by fungal pathogen <em>Phytophthora infestans</em></li> <li>India has also experienced a famine in the form of Bengal famine due to destruction of rice caused by fungal pathogen <em>Bipolaris oryzae</em> causing rice brown spot disease</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d130a292-76a7-4358-ddf9-5f514f152800/public" width="50%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modified-disease-resistancesuccess-2"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified-disease resistance</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Plants respond to pathogens by expressing resistance genes such as PR genes (pathogen resistance), cell wall degrading enzymes (such as Chitinases), and phytoalexins (secondary metabolites providing resistance)</li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modifiedsuccess-2"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Abiotic stress tolerance</strong></p> <p>Plants are sessile organisms and their growth and productivity are greatly affected by various environmental stresses/ abiotic stresses like high salinity, rising temperature and drought</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3b2f2d6f-4c9e-4be3-c693-ea6b83623200/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modifiedsuccess-3"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>Plants have evolved many types of adaptations to cope with abiotic stress conditions like the production of the stress-related osmolytes like sugars (e.g. trihalose and fructans), sugar alcohols (e.g. mannitol) and amino acids (e.g. proline), glycine betaine, and certain proteins (e.g. Heat shock proteins, antifreeze proteins)</p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modifiedsuccess-4"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Delayed fruit ripening and increased shelf life</strong></p> <p>Around a third of vegetables and fruit yields are destroyed before reaching consumer</p> <p>Delayed ripening can save a substantial quantity before produce is spoiled</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3b2f2d6f-4c9e-4be3-c693-ea6b83623200/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modifiedsuccess-5"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>The gas hormone, ethylene (also called ripening hormone) is involved in the regulation of fruit ripening. Therefore, ripening can be slowed down by blocking or reducing ethylene production</p> <p>Flavr Savr transgenic tomatoes which were commercialized in the USA showed delayed ripening by less ethylene accumulation</p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modified---male-sterilitysuccess"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified - male sterility</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>Male sterile plants are very important for the production of hybrid plants</p> <p>These are created by introducing a bacterial gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens that encode an enzyme barnase, which is an RNA hydrolyzing enzyme that inhibits pollen formation if, the expression of this gene specifically in the tapetal cells of anther using tapetal-specific promoter (e.g. TA29) to restrict its activity only to the cells involved in pollen production. Male fertility can be restored by introducing another gene from the same bacterium under the control of TA29, whose product barstar (protein) tightly bind with RNase, so that the normal pollen are formed</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-047-3372.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successplants-that-has-been-genetically-modified---male-sterilitysuccess-1"><Success>Plants that has been genetically modified - male sterility</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>This barnase/barstar system was successfully utilized in producing male sterile/restorer lines in number of crops, particularly mustard for hybrid production</p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successglobal-status-of-commercialized-biotechgm-crops-in-2016success"><Success>Global status of commercialized biotech/GM crops in 2016</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>In 2016, the global area of biotech crops was 185 million hectares or 457 million acres (Figure 1), with almost a remarkable 110-fold increase from the beginning</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/99892442-6790-41d3-5303-e8ac0f4c3e00/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdistribution-of-biotech-crops-in-industrial-and-developing-countriessuccess"><Success>Distribution of biotech crops in industrial and developing countries</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:40%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>26 countries grow biotech crops with the top ten each growing more than 1 million hectares</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c0240bd7-2986-447f-b564-6ce315b64600/public" width="40%"> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/31d654ce-4b3b-43d8-0c3f-405685f6f500/public" width="50%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdominant-biotech-crop-in-2016success"><Success>Dominant biotech crop in 2016</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Herbicide tolerant soybean (round up) continued to be the dominant biotech crop in 2012, occupying 80.7 million hectares or 47% of global biotech area (Table 3). It is grown commercially in the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Canada, Uruguay, Bolivia, South Africa, Mexico, Chile, and Costa Rica</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c79c67b5-4cdb-465e-2e02-bc380b940000/public" width="50%"> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ab974eba-6521-4aac-d981-4d17f689aa00/public" width="50%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdominant-biotech-crop-in-2016success-1"><Success>Dominant biotech crop in 2016</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>The second most dominant crop was biotech maize with stacked traits, which occupied 39.9 million. hectares or 23% of the global biotech area. It was grown commercially in 10 countries including the USA, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, and Canada, the Philippines, Uruguay, Honduras, Chile, and Paraguay</p> </li> <li> <p>Bt cotton was the third most dominant crop grown in 2012</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successafter-going-through-this-video-you-should-be-able-to-answersuccess"><Success>After going through this video, you should be able to answer</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>What is genetic engineering of plants</li> <li>Steps in plant genetic engineering</li> <li>What is Agrobacterium and Ti plasmid</li> <li>What is direct DNA transfer/microprojectile method</li> <li>What is Golden Rice (or golden corn or golden banana)</li> <li>Which was first ever genetically modified food crop Which genetically modified crop grown in India</li> <li>What are major crops which are already genetically modified in the world</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-051-4275.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h4 id="successthe-worlds-first-biotechnology---driven-blue-roses---synonym-for-the-impossible---have-been-successfully-developedsuccess"><Success>The World’s First Biotechnology - driven “Blue Roses” - synonym for the impossible - have been successfully developed</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/cba82ffe-743f-4e61-8119-19bc5ffe4e00/public" style='width:20%'> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-17-chapter-03-plant-cell-culture-and-applications-transgenic-plants-l-3_3-vgw7_klnaoq-053-4442.4.jpg"></p> </div>