biology-class-12-unit-14-chapter-03-biotechnology-and-its-application-lecture-3-3-hawa856j-yc

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<h3 id="successwhy-to-take-risksuccess"><Success>Why to take risk?</Success></h3>
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<li>There should be a balance between possible gains v/s possible harms</li>
<li>Example- Profits to be made or lives saved through greater production v/s cost or harm of things that went wrong</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Decisions are dependent on various benefits and harms</li>
<li>Reflect different world views on different levels</li>
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<ol>
<li>Essence of the acts involved</li>
<li>Differences due to emphasis</li>
<li>Level of variations (perceptions reflect whole political and social philosophies and in turn religious and metaphysical views)</li>
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<ul>
<li>Moral character on GMOs view is seen by comparison with other dangers</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successbenefits-of-gm-cropssuccess"><Success>Benefits of GM crops</Success></h3>
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<li>Genetic engineering can be used to remove genes associated with allergies e.g. the gene that produces allergenic protein in peanuts can be blocked</li>
<li>The insertion of genes into crops such as rice and wheat and enhance their nutritional value e.g. golden rice</li>
<li>Genetic modifications can be used to produce healthier foods e.g. by eliminating trans fats or caffeine</li>
<li>Can be used to induce herbicide resistance leading to decrease use of herbicides</li>
<li>Induction of insect and pest resistance $\rightarrow$ decrease use of insecticides and pesticides</li>
<li>Induction of abiotic stress resistance</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successhealth-risk-of-gm-cropssuccess"><Success>Health risk of GM crops</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Toxins and engineered genes associated with GM foods may enter the human circulatory system causing disruption in biological events</li>
<li>GM foods may also be linked to gluten disorders</li>
<li>A research carried out in 2012 showed that GM corn was linked to rat tumours</li>
<li>GM foods may also be linked to human breast cancer cell growth, thyroid issues and infertility</li>
<li>Glyphosate present in GM foods are known to cause malformations and birth defects at high doses</li>
<li>Glyphosate is also linked to weight gain, depression and alzheimer’s disease</li>
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<h3 id="successethics-concerning-animal-rightssuccess"><Success>Ethics concerning animal rights</Success></h3>
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<p><span style="color:red"><strong>Animal rights concerns</strong></span></p>
<ul>
<li>Concern in ethics when discussing animals is their capacity to suffer or feel pain. This concern is weaker for the GM mosquitoes. (<span style="color:green"><strong>Intrinsic concerns</span> Pain, sentience and consciousness)</strong></li>
<li>Concern that we are manipulating life for human purposes without considering the interests of the animal.</li>
<li>Biodiversity concerns about endangered animals that are used for genetic enaineering. (<span style="color:green"><strong>Extrinsic values</span>The status given by human society on some animals (national symbols))</strong></li>
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<h3 id="successpatenting-traditional-knowledgesuccess"><Success>Patenting traditional knowledge</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Developed countries are exploiting developing countries’ genetic resources and indigenous communities’ traditional knowledge in the name of patent on inventions derived from those genetic resource and traditional knowledge</li>
<li>This leads to the biopiracy where after exploiting the genetic resources and traditional knowledge the patentee does not give any authorization or compensation to the country from where it ha exploited the genetic resource and indigenous communities’ traditional knowledge</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>What is the meaning by patenting?</strong>
the exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to manufacture use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years</p>
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<h3 id="successlets-understand-the-root-cause-of-problemsuccess"><Success>Lets understand the root cause of problem?</Success></h3>
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<li>
<p>An inventor, claims their ‘intellectual property rights’ over a particular product, usually by taking patent that protects their product by allowing the inventor to prevent other people trom making, using or selling the product without permission</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The inventor applies for a patent from the governments of the territories over which he wants to assert his rights to prevent others from using his invention, to apply for an international patent that will apply in as many countries as the inventor chooses. This is all perfectly legal</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successneemsuccess"><Success>Neem</Success></h3>
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<p>Botanical name is <span style="color:red"><em>azadirachta indica</em></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Neem act as anti bacterial, anti parasitic, anti fungal, anti protozoal and anti viral thus helps in protection from all the microorganisms, which are always ready to invade in our body causing serious ailments</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The neem tree is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and parts of south and south east asia. In 1994 the multinational corporation W.R. Grace and the US department of agriculture was granted a patent by the EPO “covering a (special) method for controlling fungi on plants by the aid of a hydrophobic extracted neem oil” that is diluted with a certain percentage of water</p>
</li>
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<h3 id="successbasmati-ricesuccess"><Success>Basmati rice</Success></h3>
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<li>
<p>India is the second largest producer of rice after China</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Basmati rice attracted the highest premium because it is very-long grained rice, with an aroma of its own which enhances the flavors it’s mixed with</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In late 1997, an American company <span style="color:green">Rice Tec Inc</span>, was granted a patent by the US patent office to call the aromatic rice grown outside India ‘Basmati’ RiceTec Inc, had been trying to enter the international Basmati market with brands like ‘Kasmati’ and ‘Texmati’ described as Basmati-type rice with minimal success.</p>
</li>
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<h3 id="successconclusionssuccess"><Success>Conclusions</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Biotechnology is a technology that operates at molecular level</li>
<li>Many applications of it are meant to solve global issues in medicine, food and environment</li>
<li>However, no matter how beneficial it seems, it does come with drawbacks</li>
<li>Modifications brought to living organisms are given strong ethical considerations, regardless of where and how the technology is applied</li>
<li>To be able to counter these, strong scientific proofs and results must be provided on GMOs on how they interact with the environment, humans and animals in nature</li>
</ul>
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