biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-04-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-4-4-i2ulfj9lsxa

<h3 id="successthink-oversuccess-3"><Success>Think over</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Question 4 What role do alpha interferons play in treatment of cancer?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Answer</strong></p>
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<p>Interfere with cancer cells and stop them from growing and multiplying</p>
</li>
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<p>Stimulate the immune system by encouraging killer T cells and other cells to attack cancer cells</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Can encourage cancer cells to send out chemicals that attract immune system cells to kill them</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successdrugs-and-alcohol-abusesuccess"><Success>Drugs and alcohol abuse</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Drug abuse</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>When drugs are taken for a purpose other than medicinal use,</p>
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<p>Or in amounts/frequency that impairs one’s physical, physiological or psychological functions,</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It constitutes drug abuse</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Substance abuse</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Alcohol</li>
<li>Drugs</li>
<li>Tobacco</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successaddictionsuccess"><Success>Addiction</Success></h3>
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<p>Addiction is a chronic disease</p>
</li>
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<p>Dependence becomes compulsive & difficult to control</p>
</li>
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<p>The initial decision to take drugs may be voluntary</p>
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<p>But repeated use can lead to neurochemical and molecular changes in brain</p>
</li>
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<p>These challenge an addicted person’s self- control and interfere with their ability to resist</p>
</li>
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<p>These brain changes can be persistent, making this a “relapsing” disease</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successhow-addiction-sets-insuccess"><Success>How addiction sets in</Success></h3>
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<p>As the drug is taken repeatedly, the level of dopamine release decreases</p>
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<p>New extremes need to be reached for the same effect</p>
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<p>Eventually, tolerance may build to such a point that the drug no longer provides pleasure at all-merely avoidance of withdrawal</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>But even in the face of diminished rewards, the neural pathways beg for the repetition of the behavior</p>
</li>
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<p>The brain is now built for addiction</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p>======</p>
<h3 id="successhow-addiction-sets-insuccess-1"><Success>How addiction sets in</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Developing tolerance</strong></p>
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<p>Repeated overstimulation</p>
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<p>Number of dopamine receptors reduced</p>
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<p>Original dosage gives less reward</p>
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<p>Dosage has to be increased to achieve original high</p>
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<p>Eventually, high doses are required just to stave off withdrawal</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h4 id="successhow-do-opioids--cannabinoids-worksuccess"><Success>How do opioids & cannabinoids work</Success></h4>
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<h4 id="successhow-do-opioids--cannabinoids-worksuccess-1"><Success>How do opioids & cannabinoids work</Success></h4>
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<h3 id="successhow-cocaine-workssuccess"><Success>How cocaine works</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Normal</strong></p>
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<p>Dopamine is released by a neuron into the synapse</p>
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<p>Binds to dopamine receptors on neighboring neurons</p>
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</ul>
<p><strong>Dopamine Transporter</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Dopamine is then recycled back into the transmitting neuron by a specialized protein called the dopamine transporter</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cocaine</strong></p>
<ul>
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<p>Attaches to the dopamine transporter</p>
</li>
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<p>Buildup of dopamine in the synapse</p>
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<p>Pleasure and high</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successsports-and-drug-abusesuccess"><Success>Sports and drug abuse</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Commonly abused drugs</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Narcotic analgesics</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Anabolic steroids</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Diuretics</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Hormones</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>TO</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Increase muscle strength and bulk</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Promote aggressiveness</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Increase atheletic performance</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successsome-questionssuccess"><Success>Some questions</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Question 1</strong> Assertion- LSD and marijuana are clinically used as analgesics</p>
<p>Reason- Both these drugs suppress brain function</p>
<p>A- Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion</p>
<p>B- Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion</p>
<p>C- Assertion is true but reason is false</p>
<p>D- Both assertion and reason are false</p>
<p><strong>Answer</strong> D- Both assertion and reason are false</p>
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<h3 id="successsome-questionssuccess-1"><Success>Some questions</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Question 2</strong> Assertion- Dope test is used to estimate the level of blood alcohol by analyzing the breath of persons</p>
<p>Reason- A drunken person usually feels tense and less talkative</p>
<p>A- Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion</p>
<p>B- Both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion</p>
<p>C- Assertion is true statement but Reason is false</p>
<p>D- Both Assertion and Reason are false statements</p>
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