<h3 id="successhuman-health-and-diseasesuccess"><Success>Human health and disease</Success></h3> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successthink-oversuccess"><Success>Think over</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>What are the differences between</strong></p> <ol> <li> <p>Primary and Secondary Lymphoid organs</p> </li> <li> <p>Innate and Acquired Immunity</p> </li> <li> <p>Cytokines and Lysozyme as innate barrier</p> </li> <li> <p>B cells and T cells</p> </li> <li> <p>CMI and humoral immunity</p> </li> <li> <p>Graft rejection and autoimmunity</p> </li> <li> <p>Active and passive immunity</p> </li> <li> <p>Allergy and autoimmunity</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successthink-oversuccess-1"><Success>Think over</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:20px;text-align:left'> <!--### : PRIMARY & SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS--> <!--- LYMPHOID ORGANS--> <!--- PRIMARY--> <!--- SECONDARY--> <!--- IMMATUREL DIFFERENTΠΑΤΕ HERE--> <!--- SITES FOR INTERACTION OF L WITH ANTICENS--> <!--- BONE MARROW--> <!--- THYMUS--> <!--- SPLEEN,LYMPH NODE, TONSILS, PEYER'S PATCHES.--> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>INNATE IMMUNITY</th> <th></th> <th>ACQUIRED IMMUNITY</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Present since birth</td> <td></td> <td>Develops during life time</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mainly conferred by various barriers viz physical, physiological or cytokine barriers</td> <td></td> <td>Mainly conferred by lymphocytes (B & T cells)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>It is non specific defense system</td> <td></td> <td>Pathogen specific</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Has memory</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3e4b4732-deff-41a8-6d08-78943d998400/public" width="100%"> <!----> <!----> </div>

<!--### <Success>Think over</Success>--> <!--<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'>--> <!--| INNATE IMMUNITY| | ACQUIRED IMMUNITY |--> <!--| -------- | -------- | -------- |--> <!--| Present since birth.| | Develops during life time.|--> <!--| Mainly conferred by various barriers viz. physical, physiological or cytokine barriers.| | Mainly conferred by lymphocytes (B & T cells).|--> <!--| It is non specific defense system. | | Pathogen specific.|--> <!--| | | Has memory.|--> <!--</div>--> <!--<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>--> <!----> <!--</div>--> <h3 id="successthink-oversuccess-2"><Success>Think over</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>CYTOKINES</th> <th></th> <th>LYSOZYME</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Produced mostly by cells of immune system like the leukocytes</td> <td></td> <td>Type of physiological barrier, present in tears, saliva, mucus etc</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mainly act against viral infections</td> <td></td> <td>Mainly acts against invading bacteria</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<h3 id="successthink-oversuccess-3"><Success>Think over</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>ALLERGIES</th> <th></th> <th>AUTO IMMUNE DISEASE</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Reactions against foreign antigens are called <em>allergies</em></td> <td></td> <td>Reactions against self antigens are called <em>autoimmune diseases</em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<h4 id="successaquired-immuno-deficiency-syndromesuccess"><Success>Aquired immuno deficiency syndrome</Success></h4> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Aquired</strong> Obtained/ Developed</p> <p><strong>Immuno deficiency</strong> Deficiency of immunity</p> <p><strong>Syndrome</strong> A group of symptoms which consistently occur together</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-032-0343.2.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-036-0465.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successa-brief-history-of-aidssuccess"><Success>A brief history Of aids</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:25px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Simion immunodeficiency virus(SIV) was present in chimpanzee</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>It was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>The earliest known case of infection with HIV -1 in a human was detected in Congo</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Term AIDS came to existence, to describe the occurrence of opportunistic infection like, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and</strong> <em>pneumocystis jirovecii</em> <strong>pneumonia in previously healthy people</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Virus that causes AIDS</strong> was discovered it was named <strong>HTLV-III/ LAV (human T-cell Lymphootropic virus type III/ lymphadenopathy associated virus)</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Later the name was changed to HIV</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>More than 70 million people have been infected with the HIV virus and about 35 million people have died of HIV</strong></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> <!-- --> </div>

<h3 id="successhow-hiv-spreadssuccess"><Success>How HIV spreads</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Through body fluids:</strong></p> <p>Blood</p> <p>Semen/vaginal fluids</p> <p>Mother’s milk</p> <!--**WHAT ABOUT SALIVA??**--> <!--### SALIVA AND HIV--> <!--- Although HIV can be detected in saliva, it can't be passed to other people through saliva (sharing food and drinks) because a combination of **antibodies and enzymes** found naturally in saliva prevent **HIV from infecting new cells**--> <!--- Whole saliva protects susceptible cells against HIV infection. Some of the inhibitory components in oral secretions are:--> <!--- **HIV-specific antibodies:** neutralise and inactivate virus.--> <!--- **Cystatins:** perform general antimicrobial activity; inhibit cysteine proteases.--> <!--- **Defensins:** perform general antimicrobial activity: block virus entry.--> <!--- **Lactoperoxidase:** inactivates virus through hypothiocyanite production.--> <!--- **Mucins:** entrap and aggregate viral particles.--> <!--- **Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI):** prevents virus entry into host cells--> <!--- **Thrombospondin aggregates virus:** blocks virus-CD4 interactions during virus entry.--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <!----> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successsaliva-and-hivsuccess"><Success>SALIVA AND HIV</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Although HIV can be detected in saliva, it can’t be passed to other people through saliva (sharing food and drinks) because a combination of <strong>antibodies and enzymes</strong> found naturally in saliva prevent <strong>HIV from infecting new cells</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Whole saliva protects susceptible cells against HIV infection Some of the inhibitory components in oral secretions are</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>HIV-specific antibodies</strong> neutralise and inactivate virus</p> </li> </ul> <!--#### WHY DOES AIDS NOT SPREAD THROUGH CASUAL CONTACT/OBJECTS--> <!--- HIV cannot survive outside the body. So, it does not spread through the contact of objects used by an infected person.--> <!--- **Can HIV spread through insect bite? Why not?**--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successsaliva-and-hivsuccess-1"><Success>SALIVA AND HIV</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Cystatins</strong> perform general antimicrobial activity inhibit cysteine proteases</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Defensins</strong> perform general antimicrobial activity block virus entry</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Lactoperoxidase</strong> inactivates virus through hypothiocyanite production</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Mucins</strong> entrap and aggregate viral particles</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI)</strong> prevents virus entry into host cells</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Thrombospondin aggregates virus</strong> blocks virus-CD4 interactions during virus entry</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<h4 id="successwhy-does-aids-not-spread-through-casual-contactobjectssuccess"><Success>Why does aids not spread through casual contact/objects</Success></h4> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>HIV cannot survive outside the body So, it does not spread through the contact of objects used by an infected person</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Can HIV spread through insect bite? Why not?</strong></p> </li> </ul>

<h3 id="successstructure-of-hivsuccess"><Success>Structure of HIV</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:20px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Envelope</strong></p> <ul> <li>Composed of the lipid lilayer taken from the <strong>human cell</strong></li> <li>Also contains proteins from the host cell and relatively few copies of the HIV Envelope protein</li> </ul> <p><strong>Capsid</strong></p> <ul> <li>Capsid is composed of viral protein</li> <li>The ssRNA in tightly bound to nnucleocapsid proteins and enzymes needed for the development of the virion</li> </ul> <p><strong>Genome</strong></p> <ul> <li>Retrovirus, RNA genome</li> <li>2 copies of ssRNA, code for the virus’s nine genes</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/98b27541-331b-4cfb-5853-cde4610a8900/public" width="100%"> <!----> <!----> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successreplication-of-hiv-in-human-cellssuccess"><Success>Replication of hiv in human cells</Success></h3> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/4fc5c45a-558b-45e5-1b04-af50783bd000/public" style='width:45%'> <!----> </div>

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<h3 id="successstages-of-hiv-infectionsuccess"><Success>Stages of HIV Infection</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Acute HIV infection stage</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>HIV ifvection, flu-like symptoms many аррear Large amounts of virus are being produced in the body</p> </li> <li> <p>The virus unes <em>CD4 cell</em> to replicate and destroys them in the process. Became of this, <em>CD4-count</em> can fall rapidly (In a healthy immune system, CD4-counts are between 500 and 1,000 cells/mm3)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/9fae4c93-43cf-41aa-0e9e-c7b206fa3600/public"></p> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successstages-of-hiv-infectionsuccess-1"><Success>Stages of HIV Infection</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:25px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Clinical latency stage/chronic infection</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>People experience <strong>no symptoms</strong>, or only mild ones</p> </li> <li> <p>The <strong>HIV</strong> continues to <strong>reproduce at very low levels, although</strong> it is still active for people who are not on ART, the clinical Latency stage lasts an average of 10 years</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>AIDS</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>This is the stage of HIV infection that occurs when the immune system is badly damaged and people become vulnerable to <em>opportunistic infections</em></p> </li> <li> <p>When the number of CD4 cells falls below 200 cells/mm3 af blood, the person is considered to have progressed to AIDS Without treatment, people who progress to AIDS typically survive about 3 years</p> </li> </ul> </div>

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<h3 id="successstages-of-hiv-infectionsuccess-2"><Success>Stages of HIV Infection</Success></h3> <!--<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'>--> <!--AQUATE $\rarr$ CHRONIC $\rarr$ AIDS--> <!--T_H CELLS--> <!--HIV--> <!--</div>--> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2c4c134d-5f55-4f64-2c69-603d80d35900/public" style= 'width:80%'> </div> <!---->

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<h3 id="successtools-for-diagnosis-elisasuccess"><Success>Tools for diagnosis: ELISA</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>A common test used to detect if a patient has been exposed to a virus such as HIV or Dengue,</p> </li> <li> <p>This test takes advantage of the interactions between antigens and antibodies</p> </li> <li> <p>If an ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent assay) test is positive, the Western blot test is usually administered to confirm the diagnosis</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c8aa4b5a-92e6-446f-22ad-e8db01f56b00/public" width="100%"> <!----> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successsteps-of-elisasuccess"><Success>Steps of ELISA</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>Antibody binds to well</p> <p>Sample added if antigen is present, binding occurs</p> <p>Another antibody with chromogenic compound added</p> <p>If binding ocurs, colour will be produce</p> <!--### TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS: ELISA--> <!--- A common test used to detect if a patient has been exposed to a virus such as HIV or Dengue,--> <!--- This test takes advantage of the interactions between antigens and antibodies.--> <!--- If an ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent assay) test is positive, the Western blot test is usually administered to confirm the diagnosis.--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c8aa4b5a-92e6-446f-22ad-e8db01f56b00/public" width="100%"> <!----> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successsteps-of-elisasuccess-1"><Success>Steps of ELISA</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--### TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS: ELISA--> <!--- A common test used to detect if a patient has been exposed to a virus such as HIV or Dengue,--> <!--- This test takes advantage of the interactions between antigens and antibodies.--> <!--- If an ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent assay) test is positive, the Western blot test is usually administered to confirm the diagnosis.--> <ul> <li>ELISA is quite sensitive in chronic HIV infection, but because antibodies aren’t produced immediately upon infection, one may test negative during a window of a few weeks to a few months after being infected</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successtreatment-of-aidssuccess"><Success>Treatment of AIDS</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:20px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>The human body can’t get rid of HIV completely, even with treatment</p> </li> <li> <p>Antiretroviral therapy (<strong>ART</strong>) is used to control HIV</p> </li> <li> <p>ART medicines prevent HIV from multiplying</p> </li> <li> <p>If left untreated HIV will attack the immune system and eventually progress to <strong>AIDS</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>HIV medicines are grouped into six drug classes according to how they fight HIV</p> </li> <li> <p><ins>The six drug classes are</ins></p> </li> <li> <p>Non-nudeoside <strong>reverse transcriptase inhibitors</strong> (NNRTIs)</p> </li> <li> <p>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIS)</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Protease inhibitors (PIs)</strong> <strong>Fusion inhibitors</strong></p> <ul> <li>CCR5 antagonists (CCR5s) (also called <strong>entry inhibitors</strong>)</li> <li>Integrase <strong>strand transfer inhibitors</strong> (INSTIs)</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successpreventionsuccess"><Success>Prevention</Success></h3> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/05ce04d9-a8f2-48be-3482-828672c9a900/public" style='width:50%'> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successpreventionsuccess-1"><Success>Prevention</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>Promoting sex-education among teen-agers</p> <p>PROTECTED PHYSICAL CONTACT</p> <p>Use of condoms reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS</p> <p>Safe injections</p> <p>Using unused syringeswill help to prevent HIV infections</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/89faa562-44d4-4c85-5547-97c6ea400800/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successwhat-is-cancersuccess"><Success>What is CANCER</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth</strong></li> <li>Cancer harms the body when <strong>altered cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps</strong> or masses of tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream)</li> <li>Tumors can grow and <strong>interfere</strong> with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-155-1814.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successcancersuccess"><Success>CANCER</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place</p> </li> <li> <p>When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, <strong>old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-154-1814..jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-159-1964.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successtypes-of-tumorssuccess"><Success>TYPES OF TUMORS</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>BENIGN</th> <th></th> <th>MALIGNANT</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>These tumors remain confined to their place of origin</td> <td></td> <td>These tumors invade and damage nearby tissues</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Can be removed surgically</td> <td></td> <td>Show the property of metastasis</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>More difficult to control</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

<h3 id="success-when-cancer-spreads-metastasissuccess"><Success> WHEN CANCER SPREADS METASTASIS</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:26px;text-align:left'> <!--### TYPES OF TUMORS--> <!--|BENIGN | | MALIGNANT|--> <!--| -------- | -------- | -------- |--> <!--| These tumors remain confined to their place of origin.| | These tumors invade and damage nearby tissues. |--> <!--| Can be removed surgically. | | Show the property of metastasis. |--> <!--| | | More difficult to control.|--> <ul> <li> <p>A cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body is called <strong>metastatic cancer</strong>.</p> </li> <li> <p>In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed (<strong>primary cancer</strong>), travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors (<strong>metastatic tumors</strong>) in other parts of the body</p> </li> <li> <p>Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer</p> </li> <li> <p>For example, breast cancer that spreads to and forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer</p> </li> <li> <p>Metastatic tumors can cause <strong>severe damage</strong> to the body functions, and most people who die of cancer die of metastatic disease</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-159-1964.4.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-161-1971.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successcancer-cells-vs-normal-cellssuccess"><Success>CANCER CELLS vs NORMAL CELLS</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--### WHEN CANCER SPREADS: METASTASIS--> <!--- A cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body is called **metastatic cancer**.--> <!--- In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed (**primary cancer**), travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors (**metastatic tumors**) in other parts of the body.--> <!--- Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer.--> <!--- For example, breast cancer that spreads to and forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer.--> <!--- Metastatic tumors can cause **severe damage** to the body functions, and most people who die of cancer die of metastatic disease.--> <ul> <li> <p>Cancer cells do not show <strong>contact inhibition</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>They are <strong>less specialized</strong> than normal cells. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping</p> </li> <li> <p>Cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin <strong>programmed cell death</strong>, or <strong>apoptosis</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and <strong>feed a tumor</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Cancer cells are also often able to <strong>evade the immune system</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes, i.e <strong>mutations</strong> in DNA, than normal cells</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-161-1971.6.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-172-2221.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successtypes-of-cancersuccess"><Success>TYPES OF CANCER</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--### CANCER CELLS vs NORMAL CELLS--> <!--- Cancer cells do not show **contact inhibition**.--> <!--- They are **less specialized** than normal cells. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping.--> <!--- Cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin **programmed cell death**, or **apoptosis**.--> <!--- Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and **feed a tumor**.--> <!--- Cancer cells are also often able to **evade the immune system**.--> <!--- In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes, i.e **mutations** in DNA, than normal cells--> <ul> <li>Carcinoma</li> <li>Sarcoma</li> <li>Leukemia</li> <li>Lymphoma</li> <li>Multiple Myeloma</li> <li>Melanoma</li> <li>Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors</li> <li>Epithelial Cells</li> <li>Connective tissue</li> <li>Bone marrow</li> <li>Lymphocytes</li> <li>Plasma Cells</li> <li>Melanocytes</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-172-2221.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successhow-cancer-arisessuccess"><Success>HOW CANCER ARISES</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--### TYPES OF CANCER--> <!--- Carcinoma--> <!--- Sarcoma--> <!--- Leukemia--> <!--- Lymphoma--> <!--- Multiple Myeloma--> <!--- Melanoma--> <!--- Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors--> <!--- Epithelial Cells--> <!--- Connective tissue--> <!--- Bone marrow--> <!--- Lymphocytes--> <!--- Plasma Cells--> <!--- Melanocytes--> <ul> <li> <p>Cancer is caused by <strong>changes to genes</strong> that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide</p> </li> <li> <p>This happens because of <strong>mutations</strong> in the DNA. These mutations can cause the cell to stop its normal function and may allow a cell to become cancerous</p> </li> <li> <p>Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of mutations</p> </li> <li> <p>As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-178-2301.6.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-182-2374.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successcauses-of-cancersuccess"><Success>Causes of cancer</Success></h3> <!--<div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'>--> <!--### HOW CANCER ARISES--> <!--- Cancer is caused by **changes to genes** that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide.--> <!--- This happens because of **mutations** in the DNA. These mutations can cause the cell to stop its normal function and may allow a cell to become cancerous.--> <!--- Each person's cancer has a unique combination of mutations.--> <!--- As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes.--> <!--- Gene Mutations--> <!--- Hereditary--> <!--- Acquired--> <!--- Proto-oncogenes--> <!--- DNA repair genes--> <!--- Chemical Carcinogens--> <!--- Biological Carcinogens--> <!--- Physical Carcinogens--> <!--</div>--> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <!--<img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3b7ad803-5146-4b63-6a8c-e56e96854100/public" style= 'width:60%'>--> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e066de51-fb37-4a73-cf68-aac504027c00/public" style= 'width:60%'> </div>

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<h3 id="successdrivers-of-cancersuccess"><Success>Drivers of cancer</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Proto- oncogenes</p> </li> <li> <p>Tumor suppressor genes</p> </li> <li> <p>DNA repair genes</p> </li> <li> <p>Involved in normal cell growth and division</p> </li> <li> <p>DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA</p> </li> <li> <p>Allow rapid growth Fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth Make mistakes when repairing DNA errors</p> </li> <li> <p>Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-186-2438.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successchemical-carcinogenssuccess"><Success>Chemical carcinogens</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Several chemicals and environmental toxins are responsible for changes in normal cellular DNA.</li> <li>Substances that cause DNA mutations are known as <strong>mutagens</strong>, and mutagens that cause cancers are known as <strong>carcinogens</strong></li> <li><strong>Tobacco</strong> smoking is associated with many forms of cancer, and causes 90% of lung cancer</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-187-2505.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successchemical-carcinogenssuccess-1"><Success>Chemical carcinogens</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Tobacco is also related to other cancers such as lung, larynx, head, neck, stomach, bladder, kidney, oesophagus and pancreas as it contains other known carcinogens, including <strong>nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</strong>.</li> <li>Similarly, prolonged exposure to <strong>asbestos fibers</strong> is associated with mesothelioma.</li> <li><strong>Alcohol</strong></li> <li><strong>Many day to day items like dyes, paints, air fresheners, anti prespirants also carry a host of carcinogens</strong></li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-187-2505.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successionizing-radiationssuccess"><Success>Ionizing Radiations</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Radiations due to <strong>radon gas</strong> and prolonged exposure to <strong>ultraviolet radiation</strong> from the sun can lead to <strong>melanoma</strong> and other skin malignancies.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Radiation therapy</strong> given for one type of cancer may also cause another type of cancer. For example, those who receive chest radiation therapy for lymphomas may later develop breast cancer</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-191-2587.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successother-causessuccess"><Success>OTHER CAUSES</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Viral and bacterial infections</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Some cancers can be caused by infections with pathogens Example <strong>liver cancers due to Hepatitis B and C infections</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Cervical cancer due to infections with Human Papilloma virus (HPV)</p> </li> <li> <p>Epstein Barr virus causing Burkitt’s lymphoma</p> </li> <li> <p>Gastric cancer due to Helicobacter pylori infection</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-193-2646.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successother-causessuccess-1"><Success>OTHER CAUSES</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>GENETIC OR INHERITED CANCERS</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Common examples are <strong>inherited breast cancer and ovarian cancer. genes include BRCA1 and 2</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Li-Fraumeni syndrome includes defects in the p53 gene that leads to bone cancers, breast cancers, soft tissue sarcomas, brain cancers etc</p> </li> <li> <p>Those with Down’s syndrome are known to develop malignancies such as leukemia and testicular cancer</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successcancer-detection--diagnosissuccess"><Success>CANCER DETECTION & DIAGNOSIS</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Cancer diagnosis methods</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Lab tests</p> </li> <li> <p>Diagnostic imaging</p> </li> <li> <p>Endoscopic exams</p> </li> <li> <p>Genetic tests</p> </li> <li> <p>Tumor biopsies</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-194-2728.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successlab-testssuccess"><Success>LAB TESTS</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Levels of chemical components like glucose, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, lipids (fats) other metabolic substances, the <strong>amount of oxygen</strong> and proteins are measured in blood</p> </li> <li> <p>Urine tests may be performed to check <strong>blood, chemicals, bacteria, and cells for infection or other abnormalities</strong></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-195-2745.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successdiagnostic-imagingsuccess"><Success>DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>There are three types of imaging used for diagnosing cancer:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Transmission imaging</p> </li> <li> <p>Reflection imaging</p> </li> <li> <p>Emission imaging</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Transmission Imaging</strong></p> <ul> <li>In transmission imaging, a beam of <strong>high-energy photons</strong> is passed through the body structure being examined</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successdiagnostic-imagingsuccess-1"><Success>DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>The beam passes very quickly through less dense types of tissue such as watery secretions, blood, and fat, leaving a darkened area on the X-ray film</li> <li>Muscle and connective tissues (ligaments, tendons, and cartilage) appear gray Bones will appear white.</li> <li>Some radiological examinations whose images are produced by transmission are</li> <li>X-ray</li> <li>Computed Tomography scan (CT scan/computed axial tomography/CAT scan)</li> <li>Fluoroscopy</li> <li>Bone scan</li> <li>Lymphangiogram (LAG)</li> <li>Mammogram</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successreflection-imagingsuccess"><Success>Reflection Imaging</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>It is produced by sending high-frequency sounds to the body part or organ being studied</p> </li> <li> <p>These sound waves “bounce” off of the various types of body tissues and structures at varying speeds, depending on the density of the tissues present</p> </li> <li> <p>The bounced sound waves are sent to a computer that analyzes the sound waves and produces a visual image of the body part or structure</p> </li> <li> <p>Example Ultrasound</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-197-2851.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successemission-imagingsuccess"><Success>Emission Imaging</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Emission imaging occurs when tiny nuclear particles or magnetic energy are detected by a scanner and analyzed by computer to produce an image of the structure or organ being examined</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Magnetic resonance imaging</strong> (MRI) uses radio waves with a machine that creates a strong magnetic field that in turn causes cells to emit their own radio frequencies</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Gadolinium</strong> is injected into a veins It collects around cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture</p> </li> <li> <p>MRI may be used instead of a CT scan in situations where organs or soft tissue are being studied, because with MRI scanning bones do not obscure the images of organs and soft tissues, as does CT scanning</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-207-2913.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successendoscopic-examinationssuccess"><Success>Endoscopic Examinations</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Types of endoscopies</p> </li> <li> <p>Cystoscopy (also called cystourethrocopy)</p> </li> <li> <p>Colonoscopy</p> </li> <li> <p>Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (also called EGD or upper endoscopy)</p> </li> <li> <p>Sigmoidoscopy</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-208-2983.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successdirect-dna-studies-success"><Success>DIRECT DNA STUDIES </Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Direct DNA studies</strong> simply look directly at the gene in question for mutations</li> <li>Mutations in the DNA may include a replication of the gene’s DNA (duplication)</li> <li>A loss of a piece of the gene’s DNA (deletion)</li> <li>An alteration in a base pair of the gene’s DNA (point mutation),</li> <li>Or the repeated replication of a small sequence of the gene’s DNA (repeats)</li> <li>Firstly, the mutation present in a family is studied, by studying the family member with cancer</li> <li>Afterwards, other family members can choose to have testing for the mutation to determine if they have an increased risk to develop certain cancers and to pass the mutation on to the next generation</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-211-3020.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successdirect-dna-studies-for-cancer-detectionsuccess"><Success>Direct DNA studies for Cancer Detection</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>DNA of the cancer patient screened for mutations</p> <p>$\downarrow$</p> <p>Mutations Associated with Cancer Detected</p> <p>$\downarrow$</p> <p>Radio labelled probe made with mutated gene</p> <p>$\downarrow$</p> <ul> <li>Hybridization with DNA to be tested</li> </ul> <p>Positive (Susceptible)</p> <p>Negative</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-231-3103.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successindirect-dna-studiessuccess"><Success>INDIRECT DNA STUDIES</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Indirect DNA studies involve using “<strong>markers</strong>” to find out whether a person has inherited the crucial region of the genetic code that is passing through the family with the disease</p> </li> <li> <p>Markers are DNA sequences located close to or even within the gene of interest</p> </li> <li> <p>Because the markers are so close, they are almost always inherited together with the disease i.e they are “linked”</p> </li> <li> <p>If someone in a family has the same set of linked markers as the relative with the disease, this person often also has the disease- causing gene mutation Because indirect DNA studies involve using linked markers, these types of studies are also called linkage studies</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1d130b95-2dd8-4a14-6b90-090c63dffd00/public"></p> <!----> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successindirect-dna-studies-for-cancer-detectionsuccess"><Success>Indirect DNA studies for cancer detection.</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:40%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>Gene/Mutation associated with cancer</p> <p>Marker(Linked tightly to cancer causing gene</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:60%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/df644344-b9e4-41f4-5b8e-beda3993ec00/public" style='width:100%'> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successtumor-biopsiessuccess"><Success>TUMOR BIOPSIES</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>A biopsy is a procedure performed to remove tissue or cells from the body for examination under a microscope</p> </li> <li> <p>Biopsies are usually performed to determine whether a tumor is malignant (cancerous) or to determine the cause of an unexplained infection or inflammation.</p> </li> <li> <p>The following are the most commmmon types of biopsies</p> </li> <li> <p>Endoscopic biopsy</p> </li> <li> <p>Bone marrow biopsy</p> </li> <li> <p>Excisional or incisional biopay</p> </li> <li> <p>Fine needle aspiration biopsy</p> </li> <li> <p>Punch biopsy</p> </li> <li> <p>Shave biopsy</p> </li> <li> <p>Skin</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-245-3192.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successtreatmentssuccess"><Success>TREATMENTS</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>Common Treatments</p> <ul> <li> <p>Chemotheraphy</p> </li> <li> <p>Radiation Theraphy</p> </li> <li> <p>Surgery</p> </li> <li> <p>Biological therapies</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-246-3193.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successchemotherapysuccess"><Success>CHEMOTHERAPY</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:25px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>The use of anticancer <strong>drugs to shrink or kill cancerous cells</strong> and reduce cancer spreading to other parts of the body</p> </li> <li> <p>Chemotherapy drugs are very effective at stopping cancer cells from growing and proliferating, but they also inadvertently target healthy cells that frequently replicate and replace themselves</p> </li> <li> <p>That includes cells in the Mouth, Skin, Hair, Bone marrow, Intestines, Reproductive system</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-248-3202.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successchemotherapysuccess-1"><Success>CHEMOTHERAPY</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Most side effects show up in the days or weeks following treatment and go away soon after it ends But there’s a chance some show up much later, take longer to go away or become permanent</li> </ul> <p><strong>Radiation Therapy</strong></p> <ul> <li>The use of high-energy radiation to kill or shrink cancer cells, tumors, and non-cancerous diseases</li> <li>Radiation therapy works by damaging the genes of cancer cells so they stop growing and dividing, eventually dying off</li> <li>Some healthy cells do get caught up in the process, the death of these cells leads to side effects</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successradiation-therapysuccess"><Success>Radiation Therapy</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>The use of high-energy radiation to kill or shrink cancer cells, tumors, and non-cancerous diseases</li> <li>Radiation therapy works by damaging the genes of cancer cells so they stop growing and dividing, eventually dying off</li> <li>Some healthy cells do get caught up in the process, the death of these cells leads to side effects</li> </ul> <p><strong>Immunotherapy</strong></p> <p>Immunotherapy is designed to boost the body’s immune system in order to fight cancer</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-250-3226.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successsurgerysuccess"><Success>SURGERY</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p>Surgery can be used to</p> <ul> <li> <p>Remove the tumor</p> </li> <li> <p>Diagnose</p> </li> <li> <p>Stage</p> </li> <li> <p>Support other cancer treatments</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-253-3246.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successother-treatmentssuccess"><Success>Other Treatments</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Hormone therapy</strong></p> <ul> <li>Use of supplemental hormones to prevent or stop the growth or spread of tumors The type of hormone therapy used depends upon the type and size of the tumor, age, the presence of hormone receptors on the tumor, etc</li> </ul> <p><strong>Blood and bone marrow transplant</strong></p> <ul> <li>A specialized therapy to transfer healthy bone marrow cells into a patient after their own unhealthy bone marrow has been eliminated</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-254-3255.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successother-treatmentssuccess-1"><Success>Other Treatments</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Biological therapy</strong></p> <ul> <li>Treatment with substances that are made naturally in the body or that can block the growth of cancer cells</li> </ul> <p><strong>Angiogenesis inhibitors</strong></p> <p>A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors form</p> </div>

<h3 id="successthink-oversuccess-4"><Success>Think over</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ol> <li> <p>From the chapter, can you find one example which supports the presumption of the “RNA world”?</p> </li> <li> <p>Analyze the difference between being HIV positive and having AIDS</p> </li> <li> <p>From our discussions on AIDS, can you infer, which barriers of immunity are impervious to the HIV, while which are easily broken?</p> </li> <li> <p>How do ARTs help HIV infected persons to lead a normal and prolonged life? Can a HIV+ person still transmit HIV, if he/she is on ARTs?</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-03-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-3_4-kycamg6epvi-255-3286.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3>