biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2-4-jloozg136ou

<h3 id="successinnate-immunitysuccess"><Success>Innate immunity</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Present since birth</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mainly conferred by various barriers</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Depends on genetic factors</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It is non specific defense system</p>
</li>
</ul>

















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<h3 id="successinnate-barrierssuccess"><Success>Innate barriers</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Physical barriers:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Skin</li>
<li>Mucous coating of epithelial lining</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Physiological barriers</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Acids</li>
<li>Saliva</li>
<li>Tears</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<p><strong>Cellular barriers</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Poly morpho nuclear leukocytes</li>
<li>Monocytes</li>
<li>Lymphocytes</li>
<li>Macrophases</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Cytokine barriers</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Interferons</li>
<li>Interleukins</li>
<li>Chemokines</li>
</ul>






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<h3 id="successphysical-barrierssuccess"><Success>Physical barriers</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Desquamation</strong>, (shedding), dislodges organisms that have adhered to the surface of the body and are awaiting entry</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Inability of the epidermis to retain moisture. Pathogens are killed or inactivated on the skin by <strong>desiccation</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Lactic and fatty acids</strong> in sweat and sebaceous secretions are directly bacteriocidal.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The respiratory, GI and urogenital tracts are lined with a layer of adhesive <strong>mucus</strong> that can entrap microbes</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Contains <strong>antimicrobial proteins</strong> such as defensins, lysozyme, and surfactants.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mucous itself <strong>is acidic</strong> and <strong>indigestible</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successphysiological-barrierssuccess"><Success>Physiological barriers</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Chemical barriers</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Antimicrobial peptides:</strong> produced by skin and respiratory tract</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Enzymes: <strong>lysozyme</strong> and <strong>phospholipase</strong> <strong>A2</strong> in <strong>saliva, tears,</strong> and <strong>breast milk</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Vaginal secretions are slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Gastric secretions<strong>gastricacid</strong> and <strong>proteases</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-07.jpg"></p>
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<h3 id="successcellular-barrierssuccess"><Success>Cellular barriers</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Phagocytes -</strong> include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Polymorphonuclear neutrophils</strong> are so called because of the varying shapes of the nucleus, which is usually lobed into three segments</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-08.jpg"></p>
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<h3 id="successcellular-barrierssuccess-1"><Success>Cellular barriers</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Natural Killer Cells</strong> Do <strong>not</strong> directly attack invading microbes They <strong>destroy compromised host cells</strong> such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells</p>
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<h3 id="successcytokine-barrierssuccess"><Success>Cytokine barriers</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Cytokines</strong></p>
<p>Induce, Regulate and Coordinate the innate and adaptive immune responses</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Interleukin</th>
<th>Interferons</th>
<th>Chemokines</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Produced by leukocytes</td>
<td>Made by leukocytes and viraily infected cells</td>
<td>Direct the flow of leukocytes movement (chemotactic activines)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Regulate other leukocytes</td>
<td>Contribute to cellular immunity <strong>viral infection</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>




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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-067-0844.8.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successinterferonssuccess"><Success>Interferons</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Synthesis of anti-viral molecules which interfere with DNA/ RNA or protein synthesis</td>
<td>Produce a transitory stage of resistance against viruses in susceptible cells</td>
<td>Activate several genes that express anti-viral proteins</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>





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<h3 id="successacquired-immunitysuccess"><Success>Acquired immunity</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Develops during life time</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Pathogen specific</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Has memory</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mainly conferred by lymphocytes</p>
</li>
</ul>






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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-075-1041.599.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successacquired-immune-systemsuccess"><Success>Acquired immune system</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Responsible for the destruction of foreign particles once they have <strong>entered</strong> the body</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Not as good as the innate immune system for keeping out things that it has never encountered before</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Before it has seen a foreign particle, it is actually quite ignorant about how to destroy it</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>During the <strong>first exposure</strong> to an invader, the acquired immune system must <strong>learn how to attack</strong> and destroy the foreign particle</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Once the acquired immune system has created a response, however, <strong>a protective response</strong> can be made more quickly and with greater force, allowing it to protect the body from harm</p>
</li>
</ul>




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<h3 id="successcells-of-acquired-immunitysuccess"><Success>Cells of acquired immunity</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Lymphocytes</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>B - Lymphocytes $\rarr$ Humoral immunity</li>
<li>T - Lymphocytes $\rarr$ Cell mediated immunity</li>
</ul>




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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-090-1251.6.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successprimary-lymphoid-organssuccess"><Success>Primary lymphoid organs</Success></h3>
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<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Bone marrow</th>
<th></th>
<th>Thymus</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>All lymphocytes are produced here</td>
<td></td>
<td>Located near heart</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Development of B and T lymphocytes</td>
<td></td>
<td>Development and maturation of T lymphocytes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Maturation of B lymphocytes</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<br>




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<h3 id="successsecondary-lymphoid-organssuccess"><Success>Secondary lymphoid organs</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:28px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Lymph nodes</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Trap the microbes and other antigens which are present in the lymph or the <strong>tissue fluid</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>They contain B- and T-cells, and also macrophages</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Spleen</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Body’s largest lymphatic organ</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Facilitates immune responses to <strong>blood borne</strong> antigens</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Acts as filter of the blood</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Also eliminates worn-out blood cells and platelets</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Contains lymphocytes and phagocytes</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successsecondary-lymphoid-organssuccess-2"><Success>Secondary lymphoid organs</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Malt</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Makes up 50% of lymphoid tissue</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tissue fluid is filtered by it</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Found close to moist epithelial surfaces e.g mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems</p>
</li>
</ul>


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<h3 id="successmemorysuccess"><Success>Memory</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>When body encounters a pathogen for the first time, a response is produced, called <strong>Primary Response</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It is of low intensity</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Subsequent encounter with same pathogen elicits a highly intensified <strong>Secondary/ anamnestic response</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>





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<h3 id="successhumoral-immunitysuccess"><Success>Humoral immunity</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>The humoral immune response fights pathogens that are free in the bodily fluids, or “humors”</li>
<li>It relies on antigens to detect these pathogens</li>
<li>An antigen is a biomolecule, such as a protein or sugar, that binds to a specific antibody</li>
<li>An antigen is any substance that triggers the production of antibodies by your immune system in response to its presence</li>
<li>B cells are the major cell type involved in the humoral immune response</li>
<li>When a foreign antigen is detected, B cells recognize that antigen and produce <strong>antibodies</strong> for fighting off the foreign invader</li>
</ul>

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<h3 id="successantibodiessuccess"><Success>Antibodies</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:25px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>Also known as immunoglobulin (lg)</li>
<li>Proteins</li>
<li>Highly specific</li>
<li>Produced by B cells after stimulation by an antigen</li>
<li>Occur in the blood, in gastric and mucus secretions, and in breast milk</li>
<li>5 Types: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM</li>
<li>When in contact with the target or antigen they bind to the target</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successcell-mediated-immunitysuccess-1"><Success>Cell mediated immunity</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<p><strong>Antigens</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Antigens that have been engulfed and broken down (Exogenous Antigens)</li>
<li>Virus-infected OR tumor cells that are actively synthesizing foreign proteins (Endogenous antigens)</li>
</ul>



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<h3 id="successcell-mediated-immunitysuccess-2"><Success>Cell mediated immunity</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Cells displaying foreign antigens bind to T cells</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Activation of T cells</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Proliferation of T cells according to the type of antigen</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Cytotoxic T cells destroy the antigen producing cells</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Helper T Cells stimulate production of <strong>antibodies</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successcell-mediated-immunitysuccess-4"><Success>Cell mediated immunity</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<p>Antigen(cancel) = Antibdy generating</p>
<p>B cells $\uparrow$ + T cells</p>
<p>$\downarrow$</p>
<p>Antibodies highly specific. H<sub>2</sub>,L<sub>2</sub></p>









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<h3 id="successwhat-causes-graft-rejection--success"><Success>What causes graft rejection ? </Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:25px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>The body differentiates between self and non self through</li>
<li>Antigens</li>
<li>Type of immunity that causes graft rejection</li>
<li>Cell mediated immunity</li>
<li>Chances of rejection can be decreased</li>
<li>Tissue matching/ blood matching</li>
<li>Donor should be a close relative</li>
<li>Immuno-suppresant drugs</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successvaccinationsuccess"><Success>Vaccination</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<p>Principle - memory of immune system</p>
<p><strong>History</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Buddhist monks drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Variolation</strong> (smearing of a skin tear with cowpox to confer immunity to smallpox) was practiced in 17th century China</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successvaccinationsuccess-1"><Success>Vaccination</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<p><strong>History</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Edward Jenner</strong> is considered the founder of vaccinology in the West</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In 1796, he inoculated a 13 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox), and demonstrated immunity to smallpox</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In 1798, the first smallpox vaccine was developed</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successallergiessuccess"><Success>Allergies</Success></h3>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Common allergens:</strong> normally harmless substances, such as pollens, foods, and house dust mite</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Antibodies involved -</strong> IgE type</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Caused by release of <strong>histamine</strong> and <strong>serotonin</strong> from mast cells</p>
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<p><strong>Symptoms</strong> sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose, difficulty in breathing</p>
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<p><strong>Treatment</strong> anti-histamines, adrenalin, steroids</p>
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</ul>
</div>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-30.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successwhat-causes-allergiessuccess-1"><Success>What causes allergies</Success></h3>
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<p>Now these cells can then identify particular allergens the next time they come in contact with the body</p>
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<p>At this stage there are no physical symptoms of an allergy</p>
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<p>The next time that the same allergen is encountered the mast cells identify it as an intruder and produce histamine and other chemicals</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-32.jpg"></p>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-263-3292.8.jpg">

<h3 id="successauto-immunitysuccess"><Success>Auto immunity</Success></h3>
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<p>Failure of the body’s immune system to recognize its own cells and tissues as “<strong>self</strong>”</p>
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<p>Instead, immune responses are launched against these cells and tissues as if they were foreign or invading bodies</p>
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<p>Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease</p>
</li>
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<p>Examples: include celiac disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, RA</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>WHY??</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Genetic factors</p>
</li>
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<p>Other causes still unknown</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-02-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-2_4-jloozg136ou-33.jpg"></p>