<h4 id="successhuman-health-and-disease-part-1success"><Success>Human health and disease (Part-1)</Success></h4> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-014-0040.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successearlier-beliefs-on-healthsuccess"><Success>Earlier beliefs on health</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <p><strong>Hippocrates</strong> “our food should be our medicine and our medicine” should be our food</p> <ul> <li> <p>Healthy body implies balance of certain “humors” (body fluids)</p> </li> <li> <p>Persons with “blackbile” have hot personalities, and would have fevers</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/fa6a7a56-0abf-4ccf-4c41-f2e18be36800/public" style='width:80%'> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successnew-views-emergesuccess"><Success>New views emerge</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>William Harvey discovered blood circulation</p> </li> <li> <p>Demonstrated normal body temperature in persons with <em>blackbile</em></p> </li> <li> <p>Good humor hypothesis of health was thus discarded</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-02.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successmind-affects-healthsuccess"><Success>Mind affects health</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:40%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Neural system</p> </li> <li> <p>Endocrine system</p> </li> <li> <p>Immune system</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:60%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/22e318b1-8fb3-48a0-4c30-278418479700/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <p><strong>Definition of health</strong></p> <p>As defined by WHO, health is a “State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-028-0279.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successbeing-healthy-impliessuccess"><Success>Being healthy implies</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>More efficiency at work</p> </li> <li> <p>Increased productivity</p> </li> <li> <p>Economic prosperity</p> </li> <li> <p>Increased longevity</p> </li> <li> <p>Reduction in infant and maternal mortality</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-03.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-031-0410.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successbeing-healthy-impliessuccess-1"><Success>Being healthy implies</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEALTH</strong></p> <ol> <li>Lifestyle</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Food and water that we consume</li> <li>Exercise</li> <li>Habits</li> </ul> <ol start="2"> <li> <p>Infections</p> </li> <li> <p>Genetic composition</p> </li> </ol> </div>

<h3 id="successlifestylesuccess"><Success>Lifestyle</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <p><strong>Food that we eat</strong> Have a balanced diet</p> <p><strong>Water that we consume</strong> Have adequate and clean drinking water</p> <p><strong>Exercise</strong> Do regular physical exercise and yoga</p> <p><strong>Habits</strong> Have proper awareness about diseases and their prevention</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/445dd158-e7c6-4571-42e6-bf4161b60e00/public" width="50%"> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b0a64d5f-1956-49f0-cbe6-57da8dc33500/public" width="50%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successinfectionssuccess"><Success>Infections</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Maintain good personal and social hygiene</p> </li> <li> <p>Vaccination</p> </li> <li> <p>Proper disposal of wastes</p> </li> <li> <p>Control of vectors</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Genetic disorders</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Chromosomal example turner syndrome</p> </li> <li> <p>Mendelian example sickle cell anaemia</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/da1e1331-b37e-4f9b-958a-44b1adb21c00/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-037-0537.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successdiseasesuccess"><Success>Disease</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body</p> </li> <li> <p>May affect one or many organs or systems of the body</p> </li> <li> <p>Characterized by various signs and symptoms</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Types of diseases</strong></p> <p><strong>Diseases</strong> 1. Infectious 2. Non Infectious</p> <p><strong>Non Infectious</strong> 1. Deficiency 2. Genetic 3. Physiological</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-06.jpg"></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/6877f2bc-ed18-44a1-cddf-8a863b591200/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successinfectious-diseasessuccess"><Success>Infectious diseases</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Can be transmitted from person to person</p> </li> <li> <p>Diseases caused by pathogens</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-07.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successpathogenssuccess"><Success>Pathogens</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li>Disease causing organisms</li> <li>Most <strong>parasites</strong> are pathogens</li> <li>Have to be variously adapted to survive and multiply in the host body</li> </ul> <ol> <li>May have hooks for attachment</li> <li>Developments to survive the pH of gut</li> <li>High reproductive potential</li> <li>Ability to evade immunological responses of the host</li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2165f5cc-c626-40d4-207e-fcea6c8dc500/public" width="50%"> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successsome-common-pathogenssuccess"><Success>Some common pathogens</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:60%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Cause Infectious diseases</p> </li> <li> <p>Can be easily transmitted from one person to another</p> </li> <li> <p>Transmission can be through air, water, food, direct/indirect contact or by vectors</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/bd4fc65f-0d27-47e5-7646-175c76fda500/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-055-0927.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successsome-common-pathogenssuccess-1"><Success>Some common pathogens</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Cellular living</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Parasites (example Helminthes) - Tapeworm</p> </li> <li> <p>Protozoa (example Plasmodia) - Malaria</p> </li> <li> <p>Fungi (example Tinea) - Athlete’s Foot</p> </li> <li> <p>Prokaryote (example Bacteria) - Leprosy</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Acellelar</strong></p> <ul> <li>Virus (example HIV) - AIDS</li> </ul> <p><strong>What happens when pathogen enters the body?</strong></p> </div>

<h4 id="successwhat-happens-when-pathogen-enters-the-bodysuccess"><Success>What happens when pathogen enters the body?</Success></h4> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <p><strong>Incubation</strong></p> <ul> <li>Time between infection and onset of symptoms</li> <li>Pathogen multiplies continuously</li> </ul> <p><strong>Illness</strong></p> <ul> <li>Pathogen is harming the body</li> <li>Most severe symptoms appear</li> <li>Immune response not yet fully responded</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3a61ac52-270c-4ea6-9414-ddaa97940b00/public" style='100%'> <!----> <!----> </div>

<div> <h4 id="successwhat-happens-when-pathogen-enters-the-bodysuccess-1"><Success>What happens when pathogen enters the body?</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Decline & recovery</strong></p> <ul> <li>Immune response at peak</li> <li>Body/Medical treatment overpowers the pathogen Its growth declines</li> <li>Body repairs the damages</li> </ul> </div>

<h4 id="successmodes-of-transmission-of-infectious-diseasessuccess"><Success>Modes of transmission of infectious diseases</Success></h4> <!--<div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'>--> <!--</div>--> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/14821726-5a7e-4c71-7def-b7e753b49a00/public" width="60%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successcommon-diseases-in-humanssuccess"><Success>Common diseases in humans</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <p><strong>Diseases</strong></p> <ul> <li>Bacteria</li> <li>Virus</li> <li>Protozoa</li> <li>Helminthes</li> <li>Fungi</li> </ul> <p><strong>1</strong> Typhoid</p> <p><strong>2</strong> Pneumonia</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-077-1179.6.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-04a.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successtyphoidsuccess"><Success>Typhoid</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Pathogen</th> <th></th> <th><em>Salmonella typhi</em></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Mode of transmission</strong></td> <td></td> <td>Contaminated food and water The immune system can not fight back because S <em>typhi</em> can live within the host’s cells</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Diagnosis</strong></td> <td></td> <td>Widal Test</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-05a.jpg">

<div> <h3 id="successtyphoidsuccess-1"><Success>Typhoid</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Pathogen</th> <th></th> <th><em>Salmonella typhi</em></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Symptoms</strong></td> <td></td> <td>Symptoms normally begin 6-30 days after exposure to the bacteria Major symptoms <strong>fever</strong> and <strong>rash</strong> Other symptoms w<strong>eakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches</strong> In serious, untreated cases, the <strong>bowel</strong> can become <strong>perforated</strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<h3 id="successtyphoid-marysuccess"><Success>Typhoid mary</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Mary Mallon</strong> (September 23, 1869-November 11, 1938)</p> </li> <li> <p>Was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever</p> </li> <li> <p>She was presumed to have infected 51 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook</p> </li> </ul> <!--### PNEUMΟΝΙΑ --> <!--| Pathogen | | _Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae_ Leads to inflammation of the **alveoli** in the lungs which get filled with **fluid** |--> <!--| -------- | -------- | -------- |--> <!--| **Mode of transmission** | |inhaling droplets from infected person or indirect contact. | --> <!--| **Symptoms**| | **Cough, Fever,** shortness of breath **Shaking chills, Headache**Dusky or **gray to purplish skin color** (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood| --> <!--| **Diagnosis**| | Physical exam, Chest x-rays Blood tests, An analysis of sputum Bronchoscopy|--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/117ee57f-7408-4b17-3930-5c3d8e052900/public" width="100%"> <!----> <!---->

<h3 id="successpneumoniasuccess"><Success>Pneumonia</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Pathogen</th> <th><em>Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> Leads to inflammation of the <strong>alveoli</strong> in the lungs which get filled with <strong>fluid</strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Mode of transmission</strong></td> <td>Inhaling droplets from infected person or indirect contact</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-08a.jpg"></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1a5fae35-4cfe-47ce-8a09-bec5cf250f00/public" width="0%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successpneumoniasuccess-1"><Success>Pneumonia</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Pathogen</th> <th><em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> and <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> Leads to inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs which get filled with fluid</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Symptoms</td> <td>Cough, Fever, shortness of breath, Shaking chills, Headache, Dusky or gray to purplish skin color (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Diagnosis</td> <td>Physical exam, Chest x-rays Blood tests, An analysis of sputum Bronchoscopy</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<h3 id="successsome-other-bacterial-diseasessuccess"><Success>Some other bacterial diseases</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <!--### PNEUMΟΝΙΑ --> <!--| Pathogen | | _Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae_ Leads to inflammation of the **alveoli** in the lungs which get filled with **fluid** |--> <!--| -------- | -------- | -------- |--> <!--| **Mode of transmission** | |inhaling droplets from infected person or indirect contact. | --> <!--| **Symptoms**| | **Cough, Fever,** shortness of breath **Shaking chills, Headache**Dusky or **gray to purplish skin color** (cyanosis) from poorly oxygenated blood| --> <!--| **Diagnosis**| | Physical exam, Chest x-rays Blood tests, An analysis of sputum Bronchoscopy|--> <ul> <li>Dysentry</li> <li>Plague</li> <li>Diptheria</li> <li>Tuberculosis</li> <li>Cholera</li> <li>Gonorrhea</li> <li>Syphilis</li> <li>Meningitis</li> <li>Whooping Cough (<em>pertussis</em>)</li> <li>Leprosy</li> <li>Tetanus</li> <li>Anthrax</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <!----> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-10aa.jpg">

<h3 id="successantibioticssuccess"><Success>Antibiotics</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li><strong>Antibiotics</strong> are antimicrobial drugs used in the treatment and prevention of bacteria infections</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-10a.jpg">

<h3 id="successantibioticssuccess-1"><Success>Antibiotics</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>They may either <strong>kill</strong> or <strong>inhibit</strong> the growth of bacteria</p> </li> <li> <p>Antibiotics are <strong>not effective</strong> against <strong>viruses</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world</p> </li> </ul> <!--### ANTIBIOTICS: BOON OR BANE??--> <!--**SIDE EFFECTS** --> <!-- - Most side-effects of antibiotics are not serious, though rarely, some may be. Like **allergies**. --> <!-- - Antibiotics can **kill off normal defence bacteria** which live in the bowel and vagina. This may then allow thrush or other bad bacteria/ fungi to grow.--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-12.jpg"></p> <!---->

<h3 id="successantibiotics-boon-or-banesuccess"><Success>Antibiotics: boon or bane??</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Side effects</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Most side-effects of antibiotics are not serious, though rarely, some may be. Like <strong>allergies</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Antibiotics can <strong>kill off normal defence bacteria</strong> which live in the bowel and vagina This may then allow thrush or other bad bacteria/ fungi to grow</p> </li> <li> <p>Over or improper use of antibiotics may lead to <strong>development of antibiotic resistant bacteria</strong></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-13.jpg">

<h3 id="successanitibiotic-resistance-genesuccess"><Success>Anitibiotic resistance gene</Success></h3> <!--<div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'>--> <!--</div>--> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2e523334-3242-4ab6-dc3b-beccd816ea00/public" width="60%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successantibiotic-resistancesuccess"><Success>Antibiotic resistance</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Antibiotic resistant bacteria can’t be killed/ controlled by antibiotics For example, meticillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) is a bacterium that has become resistant to many different antibiotics and is difficult to treat</p> </li> <li> <p>Treatment of diseases caused by such bacteria becomes difficult</p> </li> <li> <p>How can you help???</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-15a.jpg">

<h3 id="successantibiotics-dos-and-dontssuccess"><Success>Antibiotics: Do’s and Dont’s</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 20px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Take antibiotics in the correct way as prescribed</p> </li> <li> <p>Never take antibiotics without prescription from a doctor</p> </li> <li> <p>Never take antibiotics prescribed for someone else</p> </li> <li> <p>Never skip doses and Always take the entire course of antibiotics as directed by your doctor</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-16.jpg">

<div> <h3 id="successantibiotics-dos-and-dontssuccess-1"><Success>Antibiotics: Do’s and Dont’s</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Discard any leftover medication</p> </li> <li> <p>Ask your healthcare professional about vaccines recommended for you and your family to prevent infections that may require an antibiotic</p> </li> <li> <p>Never take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold or the flu</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successcommon-coldsuccess"><Success>Common cold</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Pathogen</td> <td></td> <td>Viruses.More than 200 different types of viruses are known to cause the common cold, with RHINOVIRUS causing most of all adult colds</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Other common viruses</td> <td></td> <td>Coronavirus, Adenovirus Respiratory syncytial virus Parainfluenza virus</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-17.jpg"></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/26a02da0-3c2e-4e14-c96b-0ecb1c131800/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successcommon-coldsuccess-1"><Success>Common cold</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Immune Response</td> <td></td> <td>Because so many different viruses can cause the common cold and because new cold viruses constantly develop, the <strong>body never builds up resistance against</strong> all of them</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Symptoms</td> <td></td> <td>Nasal stuffiness or drainage, Sore or scratchy throat, Sneezing, Hoarseness, Cough, Watery eyes, Low-grade fever, Headache, Body aches, Loss of appetite, and Fatigue</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successmode-of-transmissionsuccess"><Success>Mode of transmission</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>How cold spreads?</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Direct contact with infected secretions from contaminated surfaces</p> </li> <li> <p>A cold virus can live on objects for several hours and can thus be acquired from contact with these objects</p> </li> <li> <p>Air borne droplets</p> </li> <li> <p>Sneezing or coughing</p> </li> <li> <p>Touching viral surfaces</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successinfluenza-vs-coldsuccess"><Success>Influenza vs cold</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:60%;'> <ul> <li>Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, while the common cold generally is not</li> <li>Some of the symptoms of the common cold and influenza may be similar</li> <li>Patients with the common cold typically have a milder illness</li> <li>Though differentiating between the common cold and influenza can be difficult, there is laboratory testing available to confirm the diagnoses of influenza</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e0df82b6-b7ed-40bf-c5f4-f197be7f7300/public" width="100%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successpreventionsuccess"><Success>Prevention</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:60%;'> <ul> <li>Cover your nose and mouth with disposable tissue when you cough or sneeze</li> <li>Throw used tissue in dustbins immediately after use</li> <li>Wash your hands with soap and water regularly</li> <li>Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers</li> <li>If you have flu like symptoms, visit your family doctor</li> <li>Avoid touching eyes. nose or mouth if your hands are unwashed</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/8cecfea9-444f-4507-74ba-197a716aad00/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-162-2485.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successpreventionsuccess-1"><Success>Prevention</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>If you have flu like symptoms stay home from work and avoid close contact with others</li> <li>Avoid close contact with people who have flu like symptoms</li> </ul> <p><strong>3. Protozoan diseases</strong></p> <ul> <li>Malaria</li> <li>Amoebic dysentry (amoebiasis)</li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successmalaria-causesuccess"><Success>Malaria cause</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Pathogen</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Plasmodium</em></p> </li> <li> <p><em>P. vivax</em></p> </li> <li> <p><em>P. falciparum</em> (<strong>most serious</strong>)</p> </li> <li> <p><em>P. malaria</em></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Vector:</strong> Female <em>Anopheles</em> mosquito</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/da54c3d9-bbe1-4a95-3537-d1383be3ba00/public" width="100%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successanopheles-mosquitosuccess"><Success>Anopheles mosquito</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <p><strong><em>Anopheles</em> mosquito</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>30-40 species of Anopheles commonly transmit <em>Plasmodium</em></p> </li> <li> <p>The female mosquito lays 30-150 eggs every 2-3 days</p> </li> <li> <p>Human blood is needed to nourish these eggs</p> </li> <li> <p>They start biting by late evening and the peak of biting activity is at midnight and early hours of morning</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ec21c573-b1a2-492c-ce69-2833cd321800/public" width="100%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successlife-cycle-of-plasmodiumsuccess"><Success>Life cycle of plasmodium</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li>Sporozoites infectious form</li> <li>Multiply in liver</li> <li>Attack rbcs</li> <li>Release of haemozoin</li> <li>Gametocytes sexual stage</li> <li>Fertilization in mosquito’s intestine</li> <li>Sporozoites stored in salivary gland of mosquito</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ffc5815f-7c00-449f-d2d1-783582a75400/public" width="100%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successsymptomssuccess"><Success>Symptoms</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <p><strong>Symptoms Of malaria</strong></p> <p><strong>Central</strong> headache<br> <strong>Systemic</strong> fever<br> <strong>Muscular</strong> fatigue, pain<br> <strong>Back</strong> pain<br> <strong>Skin</strong> chills, sweating<br> <strong>Respiratory</strong> dry cough<br> <strong>Spleen</strong> enlargement<br> <strong>Stomach</strong> nausea, vomiting</p> <!--**PREVENTION INSIDE THE HOUSE** --> <!-- - USE OF NETS DURING NIGHT --> <!-- - MOSQUITO REPELLENTS --> <!-- - CLOSED WINDOWS DURING EVENING AND EARLY MORNING--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/da419e61-adfe-48c7-1955-ab88d7635100/public" width="80%"> <!----> <!---->

<h3 id="successprevention-inside-the-housesuccess"><Success>Prevention inside the house</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Use of nets during night</p> </li> <li> <p>Mosquito repellents</p> </li> <li> <p>Closed windows during evening and early morning</p> </li> </ul> <!--**PREVENTION: MOSQUITO CONTROL** --> <!--1. FUMIGATION --> <!--2. GAMBUSIA FISH --> <!--3. CONTROL OF MOSQUITO BREEDING IN STANDING WATER--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f6b0f8cc-e6ce-412b-407f-f54a15b8a700/public" width="100%"> <!----> <!---->

<h3 id="successprevention-mosquito-controlsuccess"><Success>Prevention: mosquito control</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ol> <li> <p>Fumigation</p> </li> <li> <p>Gambusia fish</p> </li> <li> <p>Control of mosquito breeding in standing water</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/78d8d60e-e4ee-4c27-35f4-69a62f9e2100/public"> <img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3bc1df27-1c26-4421-99bc-286c0877e300/public"> <img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/cca8cdbb-2abd-4b3f-04ad-207c46996a00/public"></p> <!---->

<h3 id="successamoebiasissuccess"><Success>Amoebiasis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <p><strong><em>Entamoeba histolytica</em></strong></p> <ul> <li>Pathogen <em>Entamoeba histolica</em></li> <li>Carrier Housefly</li> <li>Parasite lives in large intestine Passed on with faecal matter</li> <li>Contaminated food and water are main sources of infection</li> <li>Symptoms constipation, pain, cramps, stools with excess mucous and blood clot</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e57019b0-0dc5-410a-8f42-bf5a9e223800/public" width="100%"> <!---->

<h3 id="success4-disease-caused-by-a-helminthsuccess"><Success>4 Disease caused by a helminth</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Ascariasis</p> </li> <li> <p>Filariasis</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-29.jpg">

<h3 id="successascariasissuccess"><Success>Ascariasis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li><strong>Pathogen -</strong> _Ascaris _ (round worm)</li> <li><strong>Intestinal parasite</strong></li> <li>Eggs are excreted along with the faecal matter</li> <li>Infection is acquired through contaminated food and water</li> <li><strong>Symptoms -</strong> internal bleeding, muscular pain, blockage of intestinal passage, fever, anaemia</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/cc5d499f-799d-48cd-b6e4-0e643c32e700/public" width="100%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successfilariasissuccess"><Success>Filariasis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:60%;'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Pathogen</strong> <em>Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi)</em></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Vector</strong> female mosquitoes (like <em>Culex, Anopheles</em>)</p> </li> <li> <p>Parasite lives in the <em>lymphatic vessels</em> usually</p> </li> </ul> <h3 id="elephantiasis">Elephantiasis</h3> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Symptoms</strong> Severe deformity of lower body, limbs and genitalia</p> </li> <li> <p>The skin may also become thicker, and pain may occur</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/76696ba0-dd2d-4890-97d0-b38546b0cb00/public" width="50%"> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e373fc86-0395-41d1-53d5-f19045123900/public" width="50%"> <!----> <!---->

<h3 id="success-5-fungal-diseasesuccess"><Success> 5 Fungal disease</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <p>Ringworm</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-34.jpg">

<h3 id="successringwormsuccess"><Success>Ringworm</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Pathogen</strong> <em>Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton</em></p> </li> <li> <p>Generally acquired from soil, or by use of articles of infected person like comb, towels or clothes</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/21e65bfe-6171-4d6e-18e1-f250144fb600/public" width="100%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successsymptomssuccess-1"><Success>Symptoms</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Symptoms</strong> Dry, scaly lesions, intense itching</p> </li> <li> <p>Mostly occur in skin folds, groin, toes, but may also occur on nails and scalp</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d76f49c4-b1f8-44f3-8a51-87bb29993200/public" width="60%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successthink-oversuccess"><Success>Think over</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <p><strong>1.</strong> What are the various adaptations of pathogens that help them to survive in the host body?</p> <p><strong>2.</strong> What are the common modes of transmission of pathogens?</p> <p><strong>3.</strong> How can vector borne infections be controlled?</p> <p><strong>4.</strong> How important is the maintenance of personal and social hygiene for prevention of diseases?</p> <p><strong>5.</strong> “Our habits can save us from many diseases “Justify this statement with examples</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-09-chapter-01-biologyin-human-welfare-human-health-and-disease-l-1_4-h1rjkhs7csa-37.jpg">

<h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> </div>