biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-12-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-12-12-msx7vcvwhbo

<h3 id="successhuman-genome-projectsuccess"><Success>Human Genome Project</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Introduction…</li>
</ul>
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<p>Human genome project was a mega project that aimed to sequence every base in human genome</p>
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<p>This project has yielded much new information</p>
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<p>Many new areas and avenues have opened up as a consequence of the project</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successhuman-genome-projectsuccess-2"><Success>Human Genome Project</Success></h3>
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<p>A complete, high-quality DNA sequence - by 2003</p>
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<p>Human Genome Project assembles 12,000 bases every minute</p>
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<p>15 billion raw base pairs were sequenced to reach the two billion</p>
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<p>Each area of a chromosome at least four to five times to insure that the data deposited is accurate</p>
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<p>The “depth of coverage,”</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successbenefits-of-hgp-researchsuccess"><Success>Benefits of HGP research</Success></h3>
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<p>Medical Benefits</p>
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<p>Improved diagnosis of disease</p>
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<p>Earlier detection of predispositions to disease</p>
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<p>Rational drug design</p>
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<p>Gene therapy and control systems for drugs</p>
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<p>Pharmacogenomics “personal drugs”</p>
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<p>Organ replacement</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successbenefits-of-hgp-researchsuccess-5"><Success>Benefits of HGP research</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Evolution and human migration</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Use germline mutations in lineages to study evolution</li>
<li>Study migration of different population groups based on female genetic inheritance</li>
<li>Study mutations on the evolutionarily stable Y Chromosome to trace lineage and migration</li>
<li>Compare breakpoints in the evolution of mutations with ages of populations and historical events</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successbenefits-of-hgp-researchsuccess-6"><Success>Benefits of HGP research</Success></h3>
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<p><strong>Risk assessment</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Assess health damage and risks caused by radiation exposure, including low-dose exposures</li>
<li>Assess health damage and risks caused by exposure to mutagenic chemicals and cancer- causin toxins</li>
<li>Reduce the likelihood of heritable mutations</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successwhat-is-dna-fingerprintingsuccess-2"><Success>What is DNA fingerprinting?</Success></h3>
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<p>Although this might sound like a small amount, it means that there are around three million base pairs that are different between two people. These differences can be compared and used to help distinguish you from someone else</p>
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<p>Minisatellites are short sequences (10-60 base pairs long) of repetitive DNA that show greater variation from one person to the next than other parts of the genome. This variation is exhibited in the number of repeated units or ‘stutters’ in the minisatellite sequence.</p>
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<p>The first minisatellite was discovered in 1980</p>
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</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-12-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-12_12-msx7vcvwhbo-050-1034.4.jpg">
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<h3 id="successdna-fingerprintingsuccess-1"><Success>DNA fingerprinting</Success></h3>
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<p>DNA fingerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys after he realised you could detect variations in human DNA, in the form of these minisatellites</p>
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<p>DNA fingerprinting is a technique that simultaneously detects lots of minisatellites in the genome to produce a pattern unique to an individual. This is a DNA fingerprint.</p>
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<p>The probability of having two people with the same DNA fingerprint that are not identical twins is very small</p>
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<p>Just like your actual fingerprint, your DNA fingerprint is something you are born with, it is unique to you</p>
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</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-12-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-12_12-msx7vcvwhbo-067-1401.6.jpg"></p>
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<h3 id="successstepssuccess"><Success>Steps</Success></h3>
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<p>Isolation of DNA</p>
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<p>Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases</p>
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<p>Separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis</p>
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<p>Transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes, such as nitrocellulose or nylon</p>
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<p>Hybridization using labelled VNTR probe, and</p>
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<p>Detection of hybridized DNA fragments by autoradiography</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successdna-can-be-isolated-fromsuccess"><Success>DNA can be isolated from…</Success></h3>
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<li>Molecular Markers</li>
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<p>RFLP-Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism</p>
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<p>VNTR-Variable Number Tandem Repeat</p>
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<p>STR-Short Tandem Repeats</p>
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<p>SNP-Single Nucleotide Polymorphism</p>
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<p>RAPD-Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successanswer-these-questionssuccess"><Success>Answer these Questions…</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Expand HGP</p>
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<p>How many base pairs are there in human?</p>
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<p>What is DNA fingerprinting?</p>
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<p>What is the principle of DNA fingerprinting?</p>
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<p>Mention some sources from where DNA can be isolated for DNA fingerprinting</p>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="successanswers-of-question-askedsuccess-1"><Success>Answers of question asked…</Success></h3>
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<p>Prokaryotes - Operon- Inducible, Repressible</p>
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<p><strong>Inducible</strong></p>
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<p>Genes are normally Switched OFF</p>
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<p>Genes can be indeed to express itself</p>
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<p>Example- lac operon</p>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>Repressible</strong></p>
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<p>Genes are normally Switched On</p>
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<p>Genes are sepressed to stop gene expression</p>
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<p>Example- trp operon</p>
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</ul>

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