biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5-12-smkf4y4gw4m

<div>
<h3 id="successdna-replicationsuccess"><Success>DNA replication</Success></h3>
</div>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Objectives</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>DNA Replication and its importance</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Different models of replication</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Meselson and Stahl Experiment</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Types of DNA Replication</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Various Enzymes/Proteins involve in DNA replication</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mechanism of DNA Replication</p>
</li>
</ul>


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<h3 id="successdna-replicationsuccess-2"><Success>DNA replication</Success></h3>
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<h3 id="successsemiconservative-modelsuccess"><Success>Semiconservative model</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>The two parental DNA strands separate and each</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Separated strands then serves as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA strand</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The result is two DNA double helices, both of which consist of one parental and one new strand</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successmeselson-and-stahls-exprementsuccess"><Success>Meselson and Stahl’s Exprement</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>They cultured a bacteria in a N<sup>15</sup> medium</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>They then shifted the bacteria to a N<sup>14</sup> medium</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>DNA was isolated at different times correspondig to replication cycle 0, 1 and 2</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Then seprated the DNA with CsCI density gradient centrifugation</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successtypes-of-dna-replicationsuccess-1"><Success>Types of DNA replication</Success></h3>
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<figcaption>Theta replication</figcaption>
</figure>
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<h3 id="successrequirements-of-replicationsuccess"><Success>Requirements of replication</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>A template consisting of single-stranded DNA,</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Raw materials (substrates i.e. dNTPs) to be assembled into a new nucleotide strand, and</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Enzymes and other proteins that “read” the template and assemble the substrates into a DNA molecule.</p>
</li>
</ul>







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<h3 id="successinitiation-of-replicationsuccess"><Success>Initiation of replication</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p><em>E. coli</em> has a single replication origin (oriC)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Initiator proteins bind to oric and cause a short section of DNA to unwind</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This unwinding allows helicase to separate the double strand of DNA</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successinitiation-of-replicationsuccess-2"><Success>Initiation of replication</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Topoisomerases control the supercoiling of DNA</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It reduces torque/tension by making a double-stranded break in one segment of the DNA helix, passing another segment of the helix through the break, and then resealing the broken ends of the DNA</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h3 id="successinitiation-of-replicationsuccess-3"><Success>Initiation of replication</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>All DNA polymerases require a nucleotide with a 3-OH group to which a new nucleotide can be added.</li>
</ul>


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<h3 id="successinitiation-of-replicationsuccess-4"><Success>Initiation of replication</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Because of this requirement, DNA polymerases cannot initiate DNA synthesis on a bare template; rather, they require a primer-an existing 3-OH group-to get started.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>How, then, does DNA synthesis begin?</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successelongation-of-nucleotide-chainsuccess-2"><Success>Elongation of nucleotide chain</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:90%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Its 5’ $\rightarrow$ 3’ polymerase activity allows it to add new nucleotides in the 5’$\rightarrow$ 3’ direction</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Its 3’$\rightarrow$ 5’ exonuclease activity allows it to remove nucleotides in the 3’$\rightarrow$ 5’ direction, enabling it to correct errors</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successdna-polymerase-of-prokaryotes-and-their-functionssuccess"><Success>DNA Polymerase of prokaryotes and their functions</Success></h3>
</div>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>DNA Polymerase</th>
<th>‘5’$\rarr$‘3’ <br>Polymerization</th>
<th>‘3’$\rarr$‘5’ <br> Exonuclease</th>
<th>‘5’$\rarr$‘3’ <br> Exonuclease</th>
<th>Function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>I</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>yes</td>
<td>Removes and replaces primers</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>II</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>DNA repair:restarts replication after damaged DNA halts synthesis</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-314-2641.2.jpg"></p>
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<div>
<h3 id="successdna-polymerasesuccess-1"><Success>DNA polymerase</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond by joining the 5’ phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide to the ‘3’-OH group of the preceding nucleotide on the growing strand</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Produce newly synthesized strands that are complementary and antiparallel to the template strands</p>
</li>
</ul>











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<h3 id="successtermination-of-dna-replicationsuccess"><Success>Termination of DNA replication</Success></h3>
</div>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Termination In some DNA molecules, replication is terminated whenever two replication forks meet</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In others, specific termination sequences block further replication</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A termination protein, called Tus in <em>E. coli</em>, binds to these sequences</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="successsummary-success"><Success>Summary </Success></h3>
</div>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>Helicase to unwind the DNA</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Single-strand-binding proteins to keep the nucleotide strands separate long enough to allow replication</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The topoisomerase, gyrase to remove strain ahead of the replication fork</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<div>
<h3 id="successsummarysuccess"><Success>Summary</Success></h3>
</div>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>Primase (RNA Polymerase) to synthesize primers with a ‘3’-OH group at the beginning of each DNA fragment</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>DNA polymerase to synthesize the leading and lagging nucleotide strands and Also removes primers</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>DNA Ligase seal the nick</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h3 id="successorigin-site-in-eukaryotessuccess"><Success>Origin site in eukaryotes</Success></h3>
</div>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>In Yeast, Autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) enabled any DNA to which they were attached to replicate</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A multiprotein complex, the origin recognition complex (ORC), binds to the ARS and unwinds the DNA in this region</p>
</li>
</ul>



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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-321-2992.8.jpg"></p>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-48.jpg"></p>
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<h3 id="successdna-synthesis-at-the-ends-of-chromosomessuccess"><Success>DNA synthesis at the ends of chromosomes</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>A fundamental difference between eukaryotic and bacterial replication arises because eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and thus have ends</p>
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<p>The ends of chromosomes-the telomeres-possess several unique features, one of which is the presence of many copies of a short repeated sequence</p>
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<p>End of DNA is replicated with the help of telomerase enzyme</p>
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</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-322-3067.2.jpg"></p>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-50.jpg"></p>
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<h3 id="successsummarysuccess-1"><Success>Summary</Success></h3>
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<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>Replication is always semiconservative</p>
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<p>Replication begins at sequences called origins</p>
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<p>DNA synthesis is initiated by short segments of RNA called primers</p>
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<p>The elongation of DNA strands is always in the 5’ 3’direction</p>
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<p>New DNA is synthesized from dNTPs</p>
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</ul>
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<img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c5b38b48-684a-42c9-ef13-5cce8c2fc900/public" width="100%">

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<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-323-3181.2.jpg"></p>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-52.jpg"></p>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-53.jpg"></p>
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<h3 id="successsummarysuccess-2"><Success>Summary</Success></h3>
</div>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> 
<ul>
<li>
<p>Replication is continuous on the leading strand and discontinuous on the lagging strand</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>New nucleotide strands are made complementary and antiparallel to their template strands</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Replication takes place at very high rates and is accurate, because of precise nucleotide selection, proofreading, and repair mechanisms</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-325-3250.8.jpg"></p>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-05-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-5_12-smkf4y4gw4m-327-3301.2.jpg"></p>
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