<div> <h3 id="successgenetics-and-evolutionsuccess"><Success>Genetics and evolution</Success></h3> <h3 id="successmolecular-basis-of-inheritance---3success"><Success>Molecular basis of inheritance - 3</Success></h3> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successgenome-organization--chromosomesuccess"><Success>Genome organization & chromosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Genome means “the complete set of Chromosome or genetic material present in a cell or organism”</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:0%;'> <img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-020-0072.0.jpg" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-023-0109.2.jpg">

<div> <h3 id="successgenome-organization--chromosomesuccess-1"><Success>Genome organization & chromosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Organization means “arrangement of anything for certain purpose”</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-023-0109.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successwhy-genome-organization-is-requiredsuccess"><Success>Why genome organization is required?</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float:right;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a839efc0-10ac-47c4-05d4-4a42accd0300/public" width="80%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-025-0134.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successobjectivessuccess"><Success>Objectives</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Genome Organization in Virus</p> </li> <li> <p>Genome Organization in Bacteria (Prokaryote)</p> </li> <li> <p>Genome Organization in Eukaryotes</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-04.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successobjectivessuccess-1"><Success>Objectives</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Structure of Chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Types of Chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Function of Chromosome</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-04.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successgenome-organization-in-virussuccess"><Success>Genome organization in virus</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float:right;width:0%;'> <img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-042-0367.2.jpg" width="70%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfeatures-of-viral-genomesuccess"><Success>Features of viral genome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Genome can be</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Single stranded DNA</li> <li>Double stranded DNA</li> <li>Single stranded RNA</li> <li>Double stranded RNA</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Genome can be linear or circular</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f4683d43-88c3-49ee-f375-44ca38b15a00/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfeatures-of-viral-genomesuccess-1"><Success>Features of viral genome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>One molecule or segmented genome (many pieces)</p> </li> <li> <p>Viruses with RNA genome are called retroviruses</p> </li> <li> <p>Genome size two thousand basepairs (2Kb) - 2 million basepairs (2 Mb)</p> </li> <li> <p>No special organization of the genome</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-044-0404.4.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-047-0510.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfeatures-of-bacterial-genomesuccess"><Success>Features of bacterial genome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>How do bacteria, lacking a nucleus, organize and pack their genome into the cell?</strong></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-047-0510.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfeatures-of-bacterial-genomesuccess-1"><Success>Features of bacterial genome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li><strong>Most genomes are</strong> -</li> </ul> <ol> <li>Single molecule</li> <li>One circular chromosome</li> <li>Double stranded DNA</li> <li>Some have small additional circular DNA that can replicate independently (plasmid)</li> </ol> <ul> <li> <p>Genome is organized in a structure called (Nucleoid)</p> </li> <li> <p>The size of Bacterial chromosomes ranges from 0.6 Mbp to over 10 Mbp</p> </li> </ul> <!--## Genome Organization in Bacteria --> <!--**Completes in two levels:** --> <!--1. Loop Formation --> <!--2. Supercoilings --> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-048-520.799.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-052-0669.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successgenome-organization-in-bacteriasuccess"><Success>Genome organization in bacteria</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Completes in two levels -</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Loop Formation</p> </li> <li> <p>Supercoilings</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successgenome-organization-in-bacteriasuccess-1"><Success>Genome organization in bacteria</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>To fit within the bacterial cell, the chromosomal DNA must be compacted about a 1000-fold</p> </li> <li> <p>This involves the formation of loop domams</p> </li> <li> <p>The number of loops varies according to the sizeof the bacterial chromosome and the species</p> </li> <li> <p><em>E.coli</em> has 50-100 with 40,000 to 60,000 bp in each</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <div style="width: 550px;"> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/74169b1c-de1f-4e32-72fb-04476407cd00/public"> </div> <!--<img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-059-0786.0.jpg" width="90%">--> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successgenome-organization-in-bacteriasuccess-2"><Success>Genome organization in bacteria</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li><strong>DNA supercoiling is a second important way to compact the bacterial chromosome</strong></li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-13.jpg" width="0%"> <div style="width: 500px;"> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/0559a7c6-ca8e-4d64-2d1b-b37fbecf4100/public" width="100%"> </div> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successgenome-organization-in-bacteriasuccess-3"><Success>Genome organization in bacteria</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float:center;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/62d05784-83c0-46d2-a8bf-4849f1274d00/public" width="70%"> <!--<img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-15.jpg" width="70%">--> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successenzymes-associated-with-supercoilingssuccess"><Success>Enzymes associated with supercoilings</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>The control of supercoiling in bacteria is accomplished by two main enzymes -</li> </ul> <br> <ol> <li>DNA gyrase (also termed DNA topoisomerase II)</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Introduce negative supercoils using energy from ATP</li> <li>It can also relax positive supercoils when they occures</li> </ul> <!-- 2. DNA topoisomerase I--> <!-- - Relax negative supercoils--> <!--- The competing action of these two enzymes governs the overall supercoiling of bacterial DNA--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-084-0986.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successenzymes-associated-with-supercoilingssuccess-1"><Success>Enzymes associated with supercoilings</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ol start="2"> <li>DNA topoisomerase I</li> </ol> <ul> <li> <p>Relax negative supercoils</p> </li> <li> <p>The competing action of these two enzymes governs the overall supercoiling of bacterial DNA</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<!-- <div style='float: left; width:50%;'>--> <!--## Enzymes associated with Supercoilings --> <!-- - The control of supercoiling in bacteria is accomplished by two main enzymes --> <!--1. DNA gyrase (also termed DNA topoisomerase II) --> <!-- - Intorduce negative supercoils using energy from ATP --> <!-- - It can also relax positive supercoils when they occure --> <!--2. DNA topoisomerase I --> <!-- - Relax negative suoercoils --> <!-- - The competing action of these two enzymes governs the overall supercoiling of bacterial DNA --> <div> <h3 id="successchromosome-function-is-influenced-by-dna-supercoilingsuccess"><Success>Chromosome function is influenced by DNA supercoiling</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>The chromosomal DNA in bacteria is negatively supercoiled</li> <li>In <em>E. coli</em>, there is one negative supercoil per 40 turns of the double helix</li> </ul> <!--- Negative supercoiling has two major effects --> <!-- - Helps in the compaction of the chromosome --> <!-- - Creates tension that may be released by DNA strand separation --> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-087-1004.4.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-092-1174.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successchromosome-function-is-influenced-by-dna-supercoilingsuccess-1"><Success>Chromosome function is influenced by DNA supercoiling</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Negative supercoiling has two major effects</p> </li> <li> <p>Helps in the compaction of the chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Creates tension that may be released by DNA strand separation</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-092-1174.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successeukaryotic-genomesuccess"><Success>Eukaryotic genome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Genomes are -</p> </li> <li> <p>Genome is a double stranded DNA</p> </li> <li> <p>Genome arranged in several linear packages called chromosomes through interactions with several proteins</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-098-1276.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successlevels-of-dna-packagingsuccess"><Success>Levels of DNA packaging</Success></h3> </div> <!--<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'>--> <!--## Proteins involved in DNA Packaging --> <!--* **Histones Proteins: It includes** --> <!--* H1, --> <!--* H2A, --> <!--* H2B, --> <!--* H3 and --> <!--* H4. --> <!--</div>--> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c6b4f761-4bbf-4877-40cb-5abfb50cec00/public" style='width:45%'> <!----> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successproteins-involved-in-dna-packagingsuccess"><Success>Proteins involved in DNA Packaging</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Histones proteins -</p> </li> <li> <p>It includes H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4</p> </li> <li> <p>Non Histones Proteins-</p> </li> <li> <p>It includes Scaffold proteins, DNA polymerase, Heterochromatin Protein1 and Polycomb are common non-histone proteins</p> </li> </ul> <!--## Histones --> <!-- - Proteins around which DNA coils to form chromatin --> <!-- - Contain positively charged R-groups which bind to the negatively charged DNA (phosphate groups) --> <!--DNA backbone has a negative charge --> <!--histones have a positive charge --> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-24.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-25.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successproteins-involved-in-dna-packagingsuccess-1"><Success>Proteins involved in DNA Packaging</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h6><b>Histones</b></h6> <ul> <li> <p>Proteins around which DNA coils to form chromatin</p> </li> <li> <p>Contain positively charged R-groups which bind to the negatively charged DNA (phosphate groups)</p> </li> <li> <p>DNA backbone has a negative charge</p> </li> <li> <p>Histones have a positive charge</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/073a8c5e-44b1-446d-ae24-9d31be145900/public" width="100%"> <img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-27.jpg" width="0%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successnucleosomesuccess"><Success>Nucleosome</Success></h3> </div> Nucleosome model given by R. D. Kornberg <div style='float:right;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/27ac0c7a-73e6-450e-716c-5a805f5a4e00/public" width="70%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successnucleosomesuccess-1"><Success>Nucleosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>10 nm chromatin is produced in the first level of packaging</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/98130cc7-fbba-45f6-fbe0-9333d2f9d700/public" width="60%"> </div> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successnucleosomesuccess-2"><Success>Nucleosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float:center;width:100%;'> <img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-33.jpg" width="70%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successformation-of-chromatin-fibresuccess"><Success>Formation of chromatin fibre</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>30nm model</strong></p> </div> <div style='float:center;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b2ab582d-eb62-4bbb-32d3-b892d034cc00/public" width="70%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successlooped-domain-formation-300nmsuccess"><Success>Looped domain formation (300nm)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float:center;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3f4fa857-b961-417a-6b15-373a2f410b00/public" width="50%"> </div> <!--**4. Formation of Heterochromatin (700nm)** --> <!--* Level of DNA compaction changes throughout the cell cycle; most compact during M and least compact during S --> <!--* 2 types of chromatin; related to the level of gene expression--> <!--- Euchromatin - defined originally as areas that stained lightly--> <!--- Heterochromatin - defined originally as areas that stained darkly--> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successformation-of-heterochromatin-700nmsuccess"><Success>Formation of heterochromatin (700nm)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Level of DNA compaction changes throughout the cell cycle; most compact during M and least compact during S</p> </li> <li> <p>Two types of chromatin; related to the level of gene expression</p> </li> <li> <p>Euchromatin - defined originally as areas that stained lightly</p> </li> <li> <p>Heterochromatin - defined originally as areas that stained darkly</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdna-compactionsuccess"><Success>DNA compaction</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Euchromatin - chromosomes or regions therein that exhibit normal patterns of condensation and relaxation during the cell cycle</p> </li> <li> <p>Heterochromatin - chromosomes or regions therein that are condensed throughout the cell cycle</p> </li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successdna-compactionsuccess-1"><Success>DNA compaction</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Euchromatin is uncoiled and active, whereas heterochromatin condensed and is inactive</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:50%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/cd3281ca-dae0-4624-dd27-7ade61b81400/public"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successformation-of-metaphase-chromosome-1400nmsuccess"><Success>Formation of metaphase chromosome (1400nm)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float:center;width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/9681564c-a666-4d42-276c-f5d937c08900/public" width="30%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successformation-of-metaphase-chromosome-1400nmsuccess-1"><Success>Formation of metaphase chromosome (1400nm)</Success></h3> </div> <!--<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> --> <!--## Chromosome --> <!--* Chromasome comes from Greek word Chroma means Color and Soma means Body ie chromosome can be stained by certain dye to provide color --> <!--* Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus --> <!-- </div>--> <div style='float:center;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/103910a4-5231-443b-99ff-36c82df4d500/public" width="30%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successchromosomesuccess"><Success>Chromosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Chromosome comes from Greek word Chroma means Color and Soma means Body ie chromosome can be stained by certain dye to provide color</p> </li> <li> <p>Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdifferent-parts-of-chromosomesuccess"><Success>Different parts of chromosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Pellicle and matrix</p> </li> <li> <p>Chromonemata</p> </li> <li> <p>Chromomeres</p> </li> <li> <p>Centromere</p> </li> <li> <p>Secondary constrictions</p> </li> <li> <p>Satellite bodies</p> </li> <li> <p>Telomeres</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:50%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/09112ce3-9af4-4588-bff9-911d7297a800/public" width="100%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successstructure-of-chromosomesuccess"><Success>Structure of chromosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float:center;width:100%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e4aba1aa-7170-4727-f62b-7bcf37e5b300/public" width="70%"> <!--<img src ="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-44.jpg" width="70%">--> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successstructure-of-chromosomesuccess-1"><Success>Structure of chromosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Chromonemata</p> </li> <li> <p>Two identical, spirally coiled threads</p> </li> <li> <p>Chromomeres</p> </li> <li> <p>Beadlike bodies over the chromonemata</p> </li> <li> <p>Centromere (Primary Constriction)</p> </li> <li> <p>A lighter staining region appears as a constriction or thinner segment of the chromosome and is usually called centromere or primary constriction</p> </li> </ul> <!--**Structure of Chromosome** --> <!--- Secondary constrictions Nucleoli are assembled. --> <!--- Satellite bodies Present beyond the secondary constriction --> <!--- Telomere --> <!--The tips or the terminal ends of chromosomes are called telomeres. It has a unique property that it prevents the ends of the chromosomes from sticking to each or one another --> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/09112ce3-9af4-4588-bff9-911d7297a800/public" width="100%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successstructure-of-chromosomesuccess-2"><Success>Structure of chromosome</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Secondary constrictions</p> </li> <li> <p>Nucleoli are assembled</p> </li> <li> <p>Satellite bodies</p> </li> <li> <p>Present beyond the secondary constriction</p> </li> <li> <p>Telomere</p> </li> <li> <p>The tips or the terminal ends of chromosomes are called telomeres</p> </li> <li> <p>It has a unique property that it prevents the ends of the chromosomes from sticking to each or one another</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b48d1446-26bf-4109-c509-a221883f1500/public" width="100%"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successtypes-of-chromosomessuccess"><Success>Types of chromosomes</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Metacentric</p> </li> <li> <p>Sub Metacentric</p> </li> <li> <p>Acrocentric</p> </li> <li> <p>Telocentric</p> </li> <li> <p>Acentric</p> </li> <li> <p>Dicentric and polycentric</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-193-2665.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successmetacentricsuccess"><Success>Metacentric</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Centromere is present near about in the middle of the chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Chromosomes have equal arms metacentric chromosomes are V- shaped</p> </li> </ul> <!--## Sub-Metacentric --> <!--* Centromere is not present in the centre of the chromosome. --> <!--* Arms are unequal. --> <!--* 'L' shaped --> <!--## 2. Acrocentric: --> <!--* centromeres near one end forming a long arm and a very short arm --> <!--* J-shaped at anaphase, i.e., having arms of unequal length. --> <!--## 3. Telocentric: --> <!--* When centromere is at the terminal or proximal position, then the chromosome is called telocentric. --> <!--* Chromosome is rod (1) -shape at anaphase. --> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5e32ee38-c0ab-43fa-024d-f5add5cc1600/public" width="100%"> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>--> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!--</div>-->

<div> <h3 id="successsub-metacentricsuccess"><Success>Sub-Metacentric</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Centromere is not present in the centre of the chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Arms are unequal</p> </li> <li> <p>‘L’ shaped</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/da777dc3-1110-4433-2dd2-5afb00051f00/public"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successacrocentricsuccess"><Success>Acrocentric</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Centromeres near one end forming a long arm and a very short arm</p> </li> <li> <p>J-shaped at anaphase, i.e., having arms of unequal length</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ab0d4735-0816-438f-fa04-fd41ee3a5900/public"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successtelocentricsuccess"><Success>Telocentric</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>When centromere is at the terminal or proximal position, then the chromosome is called telocentric</p> </li> <li> <p>Chromosome is rod-shape at anaphase</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float:right;width:40%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3b7a2e89-5858-480f-40e0-697ef96ce200/public"> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successacentricsuccess"><Success>Acentric</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>If centromere is lacking, the chromosome is termed as acentric</li> </ul> <!--## 5. Dicentric and polycentric: --> <!--* When there are two or more centromeres in each chromosome, then these are referred to as dicentric and polycentric chromosomes, respectively. --> <!--## Functions of Chromosomes: --> <!--1. They contain hereditary information in the form of genes and act as hereditary vehicle. --> <!--2. They control division, growth, metabolism and differentiation of cell. --> <!--3. Sex chromosomes determine sex of the individuals. --> <!--4. Crossing over and aberrations of chromosomes introduce variations in population. --> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-195-2806.8.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-200-2935.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdicentric-and-polycentricsuccess"><Success>Dicentric and polycentric</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>When there are two or more centromeres in each chromosome, then these are referred to as dicentric and polycentric chromosomes, respectively</li> </ul> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successfunctions-of-chromosomessuccess"><Success>Functions of chromosomes</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>They contain hereditary information in the form of genes and act as hereditary vehicle</p> </li> <li> <p>They control division, growth, metabolism and differentiation of cell</p> </li> <li> <p>Sex chromosomes determine sex of the individuals</p> </li> <li> <p>Crossing over and aberrations of chromosomes introduce variations in population</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-200-2935.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successlets-summarizesuccess"><Success>Lets summarize</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Why DNA Packaging is required?</p> </li> <li> <p>Viral Genome</p> </li> <li> <p>Genome organization in Bacteria</p> </li> <li> <p>DNA Packaging in Eukaryotes</p> </li> <li> <p>Structure of Chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Types of Chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Function of Chromosome</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-54.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successtest-yourselfsuccess"><Success>Test yourself</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-211-3159.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successquestionssuccess"><Success>Questions</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 1.</strong> What are Nucleoid?</p> <p><strong>Question 2.</strong> What are the difference between positive and negative supercoilings?</p> <p><strong>Question 3.</strong> Why DNA Packaging is needed?</p> <p><strong>Question 4.</strong> What are the different proteins involved in Nucleosome Model?</p> <p><strong>Question 5.</strong> What are the different types of chromosome depending on their centromere position?</p> <!--## Answers of questions asked... --> <!--**Question No. 1 What are the differences between DNA & RNA?** --> <!--**Answer:** --> <!--* DNA --> <!--* Contains Deoxyribose Sugar --> <!--* Double Stranded --> <!--* Have A.T.C&G --> <!--* Uracil is Absent --> <!--* Length is large --> <!--* Purine is equal to pyrimidine --> <!--* RNA --> <!--* Contains Ribose Sugar --> <!--* Usually Single Stranded --> <!--* Have A,U,C &G --> <!--* Thymine is Absent --> <!--* Length is short --> <!--* Purine is not equal to pyrimidine --> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-55.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-56.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successanswers-of-questions-askedsuccess"><Success>Answers of questions asked</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 1.</strong> What are the differences between DNA & RNA?</p> <p><strong>Answer</strong></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:center">DNA</th> <th style="text-align:center">RNA</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Contains Deoxyribose Sugar</td> <td style="text-align:center">Contains Ribose Sugar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Double Stranded</td> <td style="text-align:center">Usually Single Stranded</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Have A.T.C&G</td> <td style="text-align:center">Have A,U,C &G</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Uracil is Absent</td> <td style="text-align:center">Thymine is Absent</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Length is large</td> <td style="text-align:center">Length is short</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">Purine is equal to pyrimidine</td> <td style="text-align:center">Purine is not equal to pyrimidine</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successanswers-of-questions-askedsuccess-1"><Success>Answers of questions asked</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 2.</strong> Write the RNA Sequence of this given DNA sequences: 5’ ATCCGTAATCGTTC 3’</p> <p><strong>Answer -</strong> 3’ UAGGCAUUAGCAAG 5'</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-57.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successanswers-of-questions-askedsuccess-2"><Success>Answers of questions asked</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question 3.</strong> Give the function of following RNA</p> <p>a. mRNA</p> <p>b. tRNA</p> <p>c. rRNA</p> <p><strong>Answer</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>mRNA</strong> - Codes for Amino Acid during protein synthesi</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>tRNA</strong> - Bring the Amino Aci</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>rRNA</strong> - Synthesis of Ribosomes</p> </li> </ul> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>--> <!---->

<div> <h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-06-chapter-03-genetics-and-evolution-molecular-basis-of-inheritance-l-3_12-mxkyzecx0k4-219-3249.6.jpg"></p> </div>