<div> <h3 id="successgenetic-evolutionsuccess"><Success>Genetic evolution</Success></h3> <h4 id="successevolution-principles-of-inheritance-and-variationsuccess"><Success>Evolution principles of inheritance and variation</Success></h4> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-015-0028.8.jpg">

<h4 id="successsex-determination-in-humanssuccess"><Success>Sex determination in humans</Success></h4> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Male</p> </li> <li> <p>Female</p> </li> <li> <p>Eggs</p> </li> <li> <p>Sperm</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/df36b2ec-f86a-43d0-239b-45c9f0b9e100/public" style='width:100%'> <!--<img src= "/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-01.jpg" style='width:100%'>--> </div>

<h3 id="successxxxy-sex-determination-systemsuccess"><Success>XX/XY sex-determination system</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <p>Female & Male</p> <ul> <li> <p>X Chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Y Chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Sex Chromosome</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/9e461430-ff19-488d-38c8-0d3b2be7d200/public" width="50%"> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a6133a6c-4632-4aa9-a4ae-4780c22d3b00/public" width="50%"> </div>

<h3 id="successgamete-formationsuccess"><Success>Gamete formation</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Types of gametes</p> </li> <li> <p>Male produces sperms with A+Y & A+X</p> </li> <li> <p>(Male - heterogamy)</p> </li> <li> <p>Androsperms(A+Y)& Gynosperms(A+X)</p> </li> <li> <p>Female produces ovum with A+X only</p> </li> <li> <p>Female homogamy</p> </li> <li> <p>It is seen in unisexual plants also</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Example</strong> <em>Melandrium album</em></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-03.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successfusion-of-gametessuccess"><Success>Fusion of gametes</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Sperm with A+X fuses with A+X ovum,</p> </li> <li> <p>Progeny is- AA+XX - Female</p> </li> <li> <p>Sperm with A+Y fuses with A+X ovum,</p> </li> <li> <p>Progeny is- AA+XY - Male</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-04.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successxx-xo-mechanismsuccess"><Success>XX-XO mechanism</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Seen in some insects</p> </li> <li> <p>Eg-cockroaches,grasshoppers,bugs</p> </li> <li> <p>Female is homogametic with two homomorphic X chromosomes</p> </li> <li> <p>Male is heterogametic</p> </li> <li> <p>Male is- XO with one sex chromosome only</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-05.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successxo-system-of-sex-determinationsuccess"><Success>XO system of sex-determination</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px;'> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/66a0e6ae-7aae-44fe-6c9f-60c9d50d9000/public" width="60%"> <!--<img src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-06.jpg" width="60%">--> </div>

<h3 id="successgamete-formation--fertilisationsuccess"><Success>Gamete formation & fertilisation</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Male produces A+X & A+0 gametes</p> </li> <li> <p>Male heterogamy</p> </li> <li> <p>Female produces A+X gametes only</p> </li> <li> <p>Female is homogametic</p> </li> <li> <p>A+X sperm fuses with A+X ovum,the progeny is-AA+XX Female</p> </li> <li> <p>A+0 sperm fuses with A+X ovum the progeny is – Male</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-07.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successzz-zw-mechanismsuccess"><Success>ZZ-ZW mechanism</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Seen in butterflies, moths,fishes birds, reptiles</p> </li> <li> <p>Male is homogametic with two homomorphic chromosomes - ZZ</p> </li> <li> <p>Female is heterogametic with two heteromorphic chromosomes –ZW</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-08.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successgamete-formation--fertilisationsuccess-1"><Success>Gamete formation & fertilisation</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Male produces A+Z sperms only</p> </li> <li> <p>Female produces A+Z & A+W eggs</p> </li> <li> <p>A+Z sperm fuses with A+Z egg progeny is male (AA+ZZ)</p> </li> <li> <p>A+Z sperm fuses with A+W egg, progeny is female (AA+ZW)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-09.jpg">

<h3 id="successsex-determination-in-chickenssuccess"><Success>Sex determination in chickens</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; '> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b2323f92-e02c-4273-011b-78b67529e200/public" width="60%"> <!--<img src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-10.jpg" width="60%">--> </div>

<h3 id="successzz-zo-mechanismsuccess"><Success>ZZ-ZO mechanism</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Seen in certain butterflies</p> </li> <li> <p>Female is heterogametic- produces two types of gametes-A+z & A+0</p> </li> <li> <p>Male is homogametic - produces A+Z type sperms only</p> </li> <li> <p>A+Z sperm fuses with A+Z ovum, the progeny is AA+ZZ- Male</p> </li> <li> <p>A+Z sperm fuses with A+0 ovum, progeny is Female</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-11.jpg">

<h3 id="successhaplodiploidy-mechanismsuccess"><Success>Haplodiploidy mechanism</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Seen in bees, wasps,saw flies,ants</p> </li> <li> <p>Unfertilised egg developes into - male</p> </li> <li> <p>Fertilised egg developes into female</p> </li> <li> <p>Female is diploid (2n)</p> </li> <li> <p>Male is haploid (n)</p> </li> <li> <p>Sperms are produced by mitosis</p> </li> <li> <p>Ovum is produced by meiosis</p> </li> <li> <p>Here sex is determined by number of set of chromosomes</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-12.jpg"></p> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-13.jpg"></p>

<div> <h3 id="successsex-determination-in-honey-beessuccess"><Success>Sex determination in honey bees</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>Male honey bee has n = 16 chromosomes</p> </li> <li> <p>Female Honey bee has 2n = 32 chromosomes</p> </li> <li> <p>Male honey bee produces gametes by mitosis</p> </li> <li> <p>Female honey bee produces gametes by meiosis</p> </li> <li> <p>Male and female gametes fuses and produces 2n = 32 i.e. female honey bee</p> </li> </ul> </div>

<h3 id="successhaplodiploidy-mechanismsuccess-1"><Success>Haplodiploidy mechanism</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p>diploid female bee(meiosis)$\rarr$ eggs $\rarr$ no fertilisation $\rarr$haplodid female bee</p> </li> <li> <p>diploid female bee(meiosis)$\rarr$ eggs $\rarr$fertilisation $\rarr$diploid male bees</p> </li> <li> <p>haplodid male bees(no meiosis)$\rarr$ sperms $\rarr$ fertilisation $\rarr$daplodid female bee</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/840d62f4-8af4-4c01-e338-d67966b14e00/public" style='width:80%'> </div>

<h3 id="successhaplodiploidy-mechanismsuccess-2"><Success>Haplodiploidy mechanism</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Egg with n = 16 without fertilisation develops into male honey bee</p> </li> <li> <p>So male honey bees do not have father</p> </li> <li> <p>Male honey bees can’t produce son</p> </li> <li> <p>Male honey bee has only mother</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-15.jpg">

<h3 id="successhaplodiploidy-mechanismsuccess-3"><Success>Haplodiploidy mechanism</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px;'> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/73cc3d26-37ac-46b1-5191-6ce91adb3000/public" style='width:80%'> <!--<img src= "/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-16.jpg" style='width:80%'>--> </div>

<h3 id="successpleiotropysuccess"><Success>Pleiotropy</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>A gene produces multiple phenotypic effect</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Eg:</strong> The genes that control flower colour in sweet pea also control colour of the seed coat and red spots in axils of the leaves</p> </li> <li> <p>In Drosophila the gene for wing size also controls eye colour and fertility</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-17.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successpleiotropysuccess-1"><Success>Pleiotropy</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Pleiotropy is seen in human diseases called sickle cell anaemia</p> </li> <li> <p>The gene alter the type of haemoglobin and also change the shape of RBCs</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-18.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successpleiotropysuccess-2"><Success>Pleiotropy</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <h3 id="in-pea-plants-synthesis-of-starch-is-controlled-by-a-single-gene-with-alleles">In pea plants synthesis of starch is controlled by a single gene with alleles;</h3> <ul> <li> <p>BB produces large starch grains</p> </li> <li> <p>Bb produces intermediate starch grains</p> </li> <li> <p>bb produces smaller starch grains</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-19.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successpleiotropysuccess-3"><Success>Pleiotropy</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>The same gene controls the shape of the seed</p> </li> <li> <p>BB genes produces round seed</p> </li> <li> <p>Bb genes produces round seed</p> </li> <li> <p>bb genes produces wrinkled</p> </li> <li> <p>Bb genes shows incomplete dominance in the production of starch grain.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-20.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successpolygenic-inheritancesuccess"><Success>Polygenic inheritance</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 25px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>It is also known as quantitative inheritance or multiple genic inheritance or cumulative gene effect</p> </li> <li> <p>A character is controlled by many genes</p> </li> </ul> <p>**Eg:**Skin colour in human, height in individual, hair colour, weight, intelligence, milk production in cattle, egg laying in chicken, etc</p> <ul> <li> <p>A character controlled by many genes is known as polygenic character</p> </li> <li> <p>Each dominant gene shows additive effect or cumulative effect in the production of the phenotype</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-21.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-22.jpg">

<h3 id="successhuman-skin-coloursuccess"><Success>Human skin colour</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Controlled by 3 separate pairs of gene</p> </li> <li> <p>Represented as Aa, Bb, Cc located on different chromosomes</p> </li> <li> <p>They are inherited independently</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-23.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successhuman-skin-coloursuccess-1"><Success>Human skin colour</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>A, B, C controls dark colour of the skin</p> </li> <li> <p>The dark colour of the skin is proportionate to the number of dominant genes present</p> </li> <li> <p>A pure negro has 6 dominant genes for skin colour</p> </li> <li> <p>AA BB CC</p> </li> <li> <p>A pure white has 6 recessive genes for skin colour</p> </li> <li> <p>aa bb cc</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-24.jpg">

<h3 id="successhuman-skin-coloursuccess-2"><Success>Human skin colour</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>A cross between pure negro and pure white produces F₁ hybrid offspring with the genotype Aa Bb Cc</p> </li> <li> <p>The phenotype is known as mulatto</p> </li> <li> <p>The skin colour is intermediate between both the parents</p> </li> <li> <p>In the F₂ generation there are 64 combinations</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-25.jpg">

<h3 id="successhuman-skin-coloursuccess-3"><Success>Human skin colour</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b2f3cca4-fa79-4b5e-a251-b1b14cdbb500/public" width="60%"> <!--<img src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-26.jpg" width="60%">--> </div>

<h3 id="successhuman-skin-coloursuccess-4"><Success>Human skin colour</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>The skin colour ranges from pure black (negro) to pure white with so many gradations.</p> </li> <li> <p>Pure black or negro : 1/64</p> </li> <li> <p>Very dark brown : 6/64</p> </li> <li> <p>Dark brown : 15/64</p> </li> <li> <p>Mulatto : 20/64</p> </li> <li> <p>Light brown : 15/64</p> </li> <li> <p>Very light brown : 6/64</p> </li> <li> <p>Pure white : 1/64</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-27.jpg">

<h3 id="successhuman-skin-coloursuccess-5"><Success>Human skin colour</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>The F₂ phenotypic ratio in polygenic inheritance is 1:6:15:20:15: 6:1</p> </li> <li> <p>Sir Francis Galton first studied the polygenic inheritance</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-28.jpg">

<h3 id="successhuman-skin-coloursuccess-6"><Success>Human skin colour</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <!--P $\rarr$ AA BB CC       aa bb cc--> <!--G $\rarr$ A B C       abc--> <!--F<sub>1</sup> $\rarr$ AbBbCc - Mullato.--> <!--<ins>ABC ABc AbC Abc aBC aBc abC abc</ins>--> <!--8 diff. gametes.--> <!--After fusion - 8 × 8 = 64 Progenies.--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/50796613-1b3d-4924-8af2-f34aac9b8c00/public" width="60%"> <!---->

<h3 id="successpedigree-analysissuccess"><Success>Pedigree analysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Study of family history about the inheritance of a trait in humans</p> </li> <li> <p>It is done for many generations</p> </li> <li> <p>It is represented in family tree using some symbols</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-30.jpg">

<h3 id="successpedigree-analysissuccess-1"><Success>Pedigree analysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Controlled breeding experiments are not possible in humans</p> </li> <li> <p>Mendelian disorders are traced in a family by Pedigree analysis</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Example-</strong> Cystic fibrosis,sickle celled anaemia, Phynyl ketonurea, Thalesemia,colour blindness, Haemophilia</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-31.jpg">

<h3 id="successpedigree-analysissuccess-2"><Success>Pedigree analysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <!--Male--> <!--Female--> <!--Affected individual--> <!--Mating--> <!--Offspring in birth order: I and II are generations: offspring numbered II-1 and 11-2--> <!--Identical twins--> <!--Non-identical twins--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/667ce8ff-f286-405d-a26c-b5328f475d00/public" width="50%"> </div>

<h3 id="successpedigree-analysissuccess-3"><Success>Pedigree analysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:50%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Both sexes are involved</p> </li> <li> <p>Generation not skipped</p> </li> <li> <p>“Vertical” transmission</p> </li> <li> <p>Spontaneous mutation</p> </li> <li> <p>50% risk for affected child, if parent affected</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/18080689-a572-4942-8246-fc877ff26e00/public" width="100%"> <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successpedigree-analysissuccess-4"><Success>Pedigree analysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Male is represented by Square</p> </li> <li> <p>Female is represented by circle</p> </li> <li> <p>Affected individual is represented by Shading</p> </li> <li> <p>Carriers are denoted by symbol with dot</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-34.jpg">

<h3 id="successpedigree-analysissuccess-5"><Success>Pedigree analysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Symbol with number shows the number of the progenies</p> </li> <li> <p>Line between the parents is the mating line</p> </li> <li> <p>Double line between the parents shows the consanguineous marriage</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-36.jpg">

<h3 id="successhaemophiliasuccess"><Success>Haemophilia</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Bleeders disease</p> </li> <li> <p>Caused by recessive gene seen in the X chromosome</p> </li> <li> <p>Blood of the patient lacks anti haemophilic globulin</p> </li> <li> <p>Causes profussive bleeding</p> </li> <li> <p>Reported first in Queen Victoria</p> </li> <li> <p>Carriers transmit this disease to son</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-37.jpg">

<h3 id="successhaemophiliasuccess-1"><Success>Haemophilia</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>From son to grand daughter</p> </li> <li> <p>The gene for haemophilia moves in a zig zag manner. So called criss-cross inheritance</p> </li> <li> <p>Even a minute injury causes heavy bleeding</p> </li> <li> <p>It is an example of sex linked inheritance</p> </li> <li> <p>The gene for sex linked inheritance is linked to X chromosome</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-38.jpg">

<h3 id="successhaemophiliasuccess-2"><Success>Haemophilia</Success></h3> <!--<div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 30px; width:100%;'>--> <!--parent's phenotype --> <!--parent's genotype --> <!--gamete's genotype--> <!--zygote's genotype--> <!--zygote's phenotype--> <!--normal carrier--> <!--X^HY       X^HX^h--> <!--X^H      Y      X^H    X^h--> <!--X^HX^H   X^HY     X^HX^h     X^hY--> <!--normal female--> <!--normale male--> <!--carrier female--> <!--Haemophilia--> <!--</div>--> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src= "https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/cc755097-b448-40b5-3ba4-86cfa2827400/public" style='width:60%'> <!--<img src= "/subject-images/iitpal/image/biology-class-12-unit-05-chapter-05-genetics-evolution-principles-of-inheritancevariation-l-5_7-kvzunjrvlg0-39.jpg" style='width:60%'>-->

<h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3>