<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (c)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-1"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Transmission of HIV-infection generally occurs by</p> <p>(i) Sexual contact with infected person</p> <p>(ii) Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products.</p> <p>(iii) Sharing infected needles as in the case of intravenous drug abusers</p> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-2"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p>(iv) Infected mother to her child through placenta.</p> <ul> <li>Shaking hands with infected persons is not a mode of transmission of HIV.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-3"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> ‘Smack’ is a drug obtained from the</p> <p class="fragment">(a) Latex of Papaver somniferum <br> (b) Leaves of Cannabis sativa <br> (c) Flowers of Dhatura pinata <br> (d) Fruits of Erythroxyl coca </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-4"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (a)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-5"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Heroin, commonly called smack, is chemically diacetyl morphine which is a white, odourless, bitter, crystalline compound.</p> <ul> <li>This is obtained by acetylation of morphine, extracted from the latex of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum), but Leaves of cannabis sativa commonly called bhang produces cannabinoids.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-6"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>Flower of Dhatura Active chemical of Dhatura flower is tropane alkaloids mainly scopolamines, hyoscyamine and atroplne.</p> </li> <li> <p>Fruits of Erythroxyl coca Cocaine is extracted from the dried leaves and young twigs of Erythroxyl coca.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-7"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> The substance produced by a cell in viral infection that can protect other cells from further infection is</p> <p class="fragment">(a) Serotonin <br> (b) Colostrum <br> (c) Interferon <br> (d) Histamine </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-8"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li>Innate immunity is non-specific type of defense, mechanism of the body which is present at the time of birth.</li> <li>This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our body.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-9"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (c)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-10"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> The cytokine-barriers include interferons.</p> <ul> <li> <p>These are the proteins secreted by virus infected cells, which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Serotonin</strong> It is a neurotransmitter that leads to depression.</p> </li> </ul> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-11"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Colostrum</strong> It is present in the lactating mother’s breast milk, contains antibodies which protect the newborn against disease.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Histamine</strong> Histamine is also a neurotransmitter involved in inflammatory response.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-12"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Transplantation of tissues/organs to save certain patients often fails due to rejection of such tissues/organs by the patient.</p> <ul> <li>Which type of immune response is responsible for such rejections?</li> </ul> <p class="fragment">(a) Auto-immune response <br> (b) Humoral immune response <br> (c) Physiological immune response <br> (d) Cell-mediated immune response </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-13"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (d)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-14"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Transplantation is the replacement of a diseased organ or tissue of an individual with healthy organ or tissue of same or another individual.</p> <ul> <li>These transplants or graft gets rejected if it is recognised as foreign antigen by the body’s immune systems.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-15"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Cell mediated immune response, mediated by T-lymphocyte in able to differentiate between self and non-self cells/organ.</li> <li>This type of immune response recognise the body’s non-cells or other tissue or organs from other individual as foreign antigen and cause rejection of the graft.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-16"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Antibodies present in colostrum which protect the new born from certain diseases is of</p> <p class="fragment">(a) IgG type <br> (b) IgA type <br> (c) IgD type <br> (d) IgE type </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-17"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (b)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-18"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> The yellowish fluidcolostrum is secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies ( $\operatorname{Ig} A)$ to protect the infant from several diseases.</p> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-19"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>IgG immunoglobulin (antibody) is most abundant (appro .</li> <li>$80 \%$ ) antibody in human and found in serum IgA is second abundant (approx .</li> <li>$10-15 \%$ ) antibody.</li> <li>It is found in saliva and tear also.</li> <li>$\lg \mathrm{D}$ and $\lg E$ constitute $2-3 \%$ of total antibodies which are found in most cells and serum.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-20"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Tobacco consumption is known to stimulate secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline.</p> <ul> <li>The component causing this could be.</li> </ul> <p class="fragment">(a) Nicotine <br> (b) Tannic acid <br> (c) Curaimin <br> (d) Catechine </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-21"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (a)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-22"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Tobacco has nicotine, which stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline which in turn increases the blood pressure and heart rate, while tannic acid is a type of polyphenol used as a mordant, curaimin, obtained from cureumin in a pain releiver and catechine derived from catechu is an antioxidant.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-23"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Anti venom against snake poison contains</p> <p class="fragment">(a) Antigens <br> (b) Antigen-antibody complexes <br> (c) Antibodies <br> (d) Enzymes </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-24"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (c)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-25"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Snake antivenom is a biological product that typically consists of venom neutralising antibodies derived from a host animal, such as a horse or sheep, it is not considered as antigen or antigen-antibody complex or enzyme.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-26"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?</p> <p class="fragment">(a) Spleen <br> (b) Tonsils <br> (c) Appendix <br> (d) Thymus </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-27"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (c)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-28"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Lymphoid organs are the organs where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur.</p> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-144.jpg?height=381&width=1067&top_left_y=1172&top_left_x=380"></p> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-29"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>The secondary lymphoid organs provide the sites for interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen, which then proliferate to becomes effector cells.</p> </li> <li> <p>Appendix is sometime not considered as the lymphoid organ, as it has been proposed to be a vestigial structure connected to the cecum, located near the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-30"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Which of the following glands is large sized at birth but reduces in size with ageing?</p> <p class="fragment">(a) Pineal <br> (b) Pituitary <br> (c) Thymus <br> (d) Thyroid </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-31"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (c)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-32"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <font size ="6"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> The thymus is a lobed organ located near the heart and beneath the breastbone.</p> <ul> <li> <p>The thymus is quite large at the time of birth but keeps reducing in size with age and by the time puberty is attained it reduces to a very small size.</p> </li> <li> <p>While the size of pineal gland (located at brain), pituitary gland (in brain), thyroid (located infront of neck) remains constant in size since birth.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-33"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Haemozoin is</p> <p class="fragment">(a) Precursor of haemoglobin <br> (b) Toxin from Streptococcus <br> (c) Toxin from Plasmodium species <br> (d) Toxin from Haemophilus species </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-34"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (c)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-35"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Haemozoin is a toxin released by Plasmodium species, which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.</p> <ul> <li>To continue their life-cycle, Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites and multiply within the liver cells, resulting in the rupture of the RBCs.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-36"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>The rupture RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, while Streptococcus produces streptomycin and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin which shows haemolytic and Haemophilus produces cytolethal distending toxin (HdCDT) which inhibit mammals cell proliferation.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-37"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> One of the following is not the causal organism for ringworm</p> <p class="fragment">(a) Microsporum <br> (b) Trichophyton <br> (c) Epidermophyton <br> (d) Macrosporum </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-38"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (d)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-39"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Ringworm infections are caused by fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, trichophyton and Epidermophyton.</p> <ul> <li>Macrosporum is an ectomycorrhizal zoosporic fungus causing diseases of economically important vascular plants.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-40"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> A person with sickle-cell anaemia is</p> <p class="fragment">(a) More prone to malaria <br> (b) More prone to typhoid <br> (c) Less prone to malaria <br> (d) Less prone to typhoid </p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-41"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li>Sickle-cell anaemia is an autosome-linked recessive trait that can be transmitted from heterozygous carrier parents to the offspring.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-42"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> (c)</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-43"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Sol.</strong> Sickle-cell anaemia is related to malaria not to typhoid and person suffering from sickle-cell anaemia are resistant to malarial parasite ar RBC of sickle-cell anaemic patients is distored in shape that not affected by Plasmodium $\mathrm{sp}$.</p> <p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-44"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>It is known that heterozygotes $\left(\mathrm{Hb}^{\mathrm{S}} / \mathrm{HB}^{\mathrm{A}}\right)$, having both types of haemoglobin show resistance to malarial infection because the body targets the $P$. falciparum infected cells for destruction.</p> </li> <li> <p>In contrast, individuals homozygous for normal haemoglobin $\left(\mathrm{Hb}^{\mathrm{A}} / \mathrm{Hb}^{\mathrm{A}}\right)$ suffer high mortality rates in early childhood due to malarial infection.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> </div>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-1"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Certain pathogens are tissue/organ specific.</p> <ul> <li>Justify the statement with suitable example.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Certain pathogens are tissue/organ specific as they are adapted to overcome the resistance mechanisms of those tissues and organs, e.g., the pathogens that enter the gut must know a way of surviving in the stomach at low $\mathrm{pH}$ and resistant to various digestive enzymes.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> The immune system of a person is suppressed.</p> <ul> <li>In the ELISA test, was found positive to a pathogen.</li> </ul> <p>(a) Name the diseases the patient is suffering from. <br> (b) What is the causative organisms? <br> (c) Which cells of body are affected by the pathogen?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> The immune system of a person is suppressed.</p> <ul> <li>In the ELISA test, he was found positive to a pathogen.</li> </ul> <p>(a) The patient is suffering from AIDS. <br> (b) AIDS is caused by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV).</p> <ul> <li>It is a retro virus containing RNA as genetic material. <br> (c) Macrophages and helper T-cells are affected by the pathogen.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Human Health and Diseases</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-5"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Where are B-cells and T-cells formed? How do they differ from each other?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>