Chapter 7 Part 2: Evolution

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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<th style="text-align:center">Human Evolution</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Characteristics</th>
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<td style="text-align:center">Homo habilis</td>
<td style="text-align:center">First human like being Did not eat meat, brain capacity 650-800 cc</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">Homo erectus</td>
<td style="text-align:center">Lived about 1.5 mya Brain capacity around 900 cc, and ate meat</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">Homo sapiens</td>
<td style="text-align:center">Brain capacity averages $1450 \mathrm{cc}$. Erect posture and limbs straight.</td>
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<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-5"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Ques.</strong> Match the scientists listed under column I with ideas listed column II.</p>
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<th style="text-align:left">Column I</th>
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<th style="text-align:left">Column II</th>
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<td style="text-align:left">A.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Darwin</td>
<td style="text-align:left">1.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Abiogenesis</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">B.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Oparin</td>
<td style="text-align:left">2.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Use and disuse of organs</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">C.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Lamarck</td>
<td style="text-align:left">3.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Continental drift theory</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">D.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Wagner</td>
<td style="text-align:left">4.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Evolution by natural selection</td>
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<p><Success>Ques. to be continued</Success></p>
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<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-15"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<p>These primitive earth conditions include high temperature, volcanic storms and reducing environment containing methane $\left(CH_{4}\right)$, ammonia $\left(NH_{3}\right)$, hydrogen $\left(H_{2}\right)$ and water $\left(H_{2} O\right)$.</p>
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<p>They ultimately found that a large number of simple organic compounds including some amino acids such as alanine, glycine and aspartic acid can be synthesised in into as during chemical origin of life.</p>
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<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-18"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> Variations during mutations of meiotic recombinations are random and directionless.</p>
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<p>Hugo de Vries based on his work on evening primrose stated that it is mutation which causes sudden appearance of variations that results in speciation.</p>
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<p>He stated that mutations are sudden, heritable and persistant in successive generation.</p>
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<p>He contradicted Darwinian variations that are small and directional.</p>
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<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> The organisms with hard parts are likely to be fossilised, than those who do not have such parts.</p>
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<p>The harder the material, better it would be preserved soft parts fossils occur rarely, e.g., birds and pterosaurs have very light bones, hollowed out and specialised for flight.</p>
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<p>So, they have sparser fossil record as compared to mammals, whose bones are partially mineralised during life.</p>
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Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-6"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> Yes, aquatic forms of life do get fossilised, infact, there are more aquatic than terrestrial fossil organisms.</p>
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<p>Such fossils of sea creatures are found in mountains as opposed to deep sea beds</p>
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<p>This is because the rocks in which the fossils are found used to be at the bottom of oceans Due to the changes in the crustal plates over time, the ocean sediments were pushed up to form mountains.</p>
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Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> These terms are used to classify organisms according to their evolutionary history.</p>
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<p><strong>Simple organisms</strong> refer to those organisms that have simple structural and functional organisation and are considered primitive, whereas <strong>Complex organisms</strong> refer to those organisms that have higher and complex levels of structural and functional organisation.</p>
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<p>These are more advanced and said to have arisen from simple organisms.</p>
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<div style='text-align : center'>
Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-18"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> <strong>Conditions promoting adaptive radiation</strong> are much of the diversity of life originated through episodes of adaptive radiation during periods when <strong>ecological space</strong> became available for diversification.</p>
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<li>There are two primary mechanisms through which ecological space can become available.</li>
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<p>(i) Intrinsic changes in organisms</p>
<p>(ii) Extrinsic effects, including environmental change and colonisation of isolated landmasses.</p>
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<div style='text-align : center'>
Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
</div>
</font>

<div style='text-align : center'>
<Success><font size="5"><b>Evolution</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-20"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> The age of a rock in years is called its absolute age.</p>
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<p>It is determined by the natural radioactive decay of certain elements, e.g., uranium, when decays turns into lead.</p>
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<p>The parent atoms of uranium are converted into daughter atoms of lead over a fixed interval of time.</p>
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<p>This interval is the <strong>decay constant</strong>.</p>
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<p>The ratio of parent-daughter atoms changes in a quantity that can be measured.</p>
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<p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p>
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<font size ="4">
<div style='text-align : center'>
Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
</div>
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