<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-089.jpg?height=134&width=476&top_left_y=468&top_left_x=597"></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-1"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> The pedigree chart shows that the trait is autosome linked and recessive in nature.</p> <ul> <li>But, the parents are carriers (i.e., heterozygous) hence, among the offsprings only few show the trait irrespective of sex.</li> <li>The other offsprings are either normal or carrier.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> In order to obtain the $F_{1}$-generation Mendel pollinated a pure-breeding tall plant with a pure-breeding dwarf plant.</p> <ul> <li>But for getting the $F_{2}$-generation, he simply self-pollinated the tall $F_{1}$ plants.</li> <li>Why?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Characters segregate during gamete formation.</p> <ul> <li>Pure-breeding parents give rise to $F_{1}$ with heterozygous conditions.</li> <li>Only self-pollination of heterozygotes can result in all possible recombinations of characters in progeny as mating is random.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> ‘Genes contain the information that is required to express a particular trait.’ Explain.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-5"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Genes contain the information required to express a particular trait can be explained by the following experiment.</p> <ul> <li><strong>G Beadle</strong> and <strong>E Tatum</strong> set an experiment to prove that one gene possess a particular trait and is responsible for the production of one enzyme or protein.</li> <li>They performed their experiment on Neurospora crassa which were nutritionally mutant.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-6"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>It was proved that a single protein contains several polypeptide and each polypeptide is controlled by separate gene.</li> <li>Thus, each gene expresses a particular trait.</li> <li>This theory was called one-gane-one enzyme or one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-7"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>But after the discovery of cistron (the functional unit of gene), the theory was named as one-cistron-one polypeptide hypothesis.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> How are alleles of particular gene differ from each other?</p> <ul> <li>Explain its significance.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-9"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Alleles are polymorphs that differ in their nucleotide sequence resulting in contrasting phenotype expression.</p> <ul> <li>Alleles are the alternative forms of a same gene for, e.g., genes for height have two allele, one for dwarfness (t) and one for tallness (T).</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-10"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li><strong>Significance</strong></li> </ul> <p>(i) A character may have two or more contrasting phenotypic expression, thus resulting variation in the population.</p> <p>(ii) These are used in the studies of inheritance and in understanding their behaviour.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-11"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> In a monohybrid cross of plants with red and white flowered plants.</p> <ul> <li>Mendel got only red flowered plants.</li> <li>On self-pollinating these $F_{1}$ plants got both red and white flowered plants in 3:1 ratio.</li> <li>Explain the basis of using RR and rr symbols to represent the genotype of plants of parental generation.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-12"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong></p> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-090.jpg?height=612&width=669&top_left_y=568&top_left_x=505"></p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-13"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <font size ="6"> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Phenotypic ratio</strong> Red flower : White flower $3: 1$</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Genotype ratio</strong> $\quad \mathrm{RR} \quad: \mathrm{Rr}: \mathrm{rr} \quad 1: 2: 1$</p> </li> <li> <p>Generally, upper case letters are used as symbols for dominant and lower case for recessive traits of the same gene (alleles).</p> </li> <li> <p>Experiment shows that it is a monohybrid cross with $3: 1$ ratio in $\mathrm{F}_{2}$-generation.</p> </li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-14"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>This shows parents must be true-breeds.</li> <li>As parents are diploid and homologous chromosomes carry alleles with similar type they are represented with RR and $\mathrm{rr}$.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-15"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> For the expression of traits genes provide only the potentiality and the environment provides the opportunity.</p> <ul> <li>Comment on the veracity of the statement.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-16"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Phenotype $=$ Genotype + Environment</p> </li> <li> <p>(Trait) (potentiality) (opportunity)</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-17"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Obviously, genes are not the only factors that determine phenotype.</p> <ul> <li>Environment also plays an important role in the expression of traits.</li> <li>Genes are actually quite active throughout our lives, switching their expression on and off in response to the environment.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-18"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <font size ="6"> <ul> <li> <p>Besides the effect of internal factors like hormones and metabolism on gene expression, external factors like temperature, light, nutrition, etc., also affect the gene expression and ultimately exhibiting phenotypic changes.</p> </li> <li> <p>So, we can say that genes provide only the potentiality and the environment provides the opportunity for the expression of traits.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-19"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> $ \mathrm{~A}, \mathrm{~B}, \mathrm{D}$ are three independently assorting genes with their recessive alleles $a, b, d$, respectively.</p> <ul> <li>$A$ cross was made between individuals of $A a$ $b b$ DD genotype with $a a b b d d$.</li> <li>Find out the type of genotypes of the offspring produced.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-20"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> The given cross $A a b b D D X$ aa bb dd, is a trihybrid cross, Accordingly the type of offspring produced would be,</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-21"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-091.jpg?height=303&width=600&top_left_y=598&top_left_x=540"></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-22"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> In our society a woman is often blamed for not bearing male child.</p> <ul> <li>Do you think it is right?</li> <li>Justify</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-23"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li>The sex determining chromosome in case of humans is of $X Y$ type.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-24"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> It is unfortunate that in our society women are blamed for giving birth to female children and have been ostracised and ill-treated because of this false notion.</p> <ul> <li>Out of 23 pairs of chromosomes present, 22 pairs are exactly same in both males and females, these are the autosomes.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-25"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>A pair of $X$-chromosomes are present in the female, whereas the presence of an $X$ and Y-chromosome are determinant of the male characteristic.</li> <li>During spermatogenesis among males, two types of gametes are produced.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-26"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>50 per cent of the total sperm produced carry the X-chromosome and the rest $50 \%$ has Y-chromosome besides the autosomes.</li> <li>Females, however, produce only one type of ovum with an $\mathrm{X}$-chromosome.</li> <li>There is an equal probability of fertilisation of the ovum with the sperm carrying either $\mathrm{X}$ or $\mathrm{Y}$-chromosome.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-27"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>In case when the ovum fertilises with a sperm carrying $X$-chromosome the zygote develops into a female $(X X)$ and the fertilisation of ovum with $Y$-chromosome carrying sperm results into a male offspring.</li> <li>Thus, it is evident that it is the genetic makeup of the sperm (male) that determines the sex of the child.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-28"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>It is also evident that in each pregnancy there is always $50 \%$ probability of having either a male or a female child.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-29"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Discuss the genetic basis of wrinkled phenotype of pea seed.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-30"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Seed shape is determined by a single gene, with the allele $(R)$ for round peas dominant over the allele ( $r$ ) for wrinkled peas (recessive trait).</p> <ul> <li>It the alleles for the gene controlling the seed shape are homozygous in a plant, it will show the character or phenotype of same alleles, i.e.,-RR- round seed, rr-wrinkled seed.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-31"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>On the other hand, if the alleles of gene are heterozygous.</p> </li> <li> <p>They will express the phenotype of dominant allele.</p> </li> <li> <p>$\mathrm{Rr}$ - Round seed ( $r$ - wrinkled is recessive)</p> </li> <li> <p>This is the genetic basis of wrinkled phenotype of pea seed.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-32"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Even if a character shows multiple allelism, an individual will only have two alleles for that character.</p> <ul> <li>Why?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-33"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Multiple alleles are the multiple forms of a gene which occur on the same gene locus, but distributed in different organisms in the gene pool with an organism, which carry only two alleles and the gamete have only one allele.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-34"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Despite multiple allelism, an individual will have only two alleles because an individual develops from a zygote which is the result of fusion of sperm (carrying father set of (n)haploid chromosomes) and an egg (carrying mother set of haploid chromosomes)</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-35"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Sperm and an egg have only one gene (allele) for each trait.</li> <li>A zygote when becomes diploid, have two alleles for each trait.</li> <li>It is the maximum number of alleles an individual can have e.g., genes of blood groups.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-36"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> How does a mutagen induce mutation?</p> <ul> <li>Explain with example.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-37"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Mutagens may be physical, i.e., ionising radiations X-ray,UV rays, gamma rays, DNA reactive chemicals, i.e., hydroxyl radicals, $H_{2} O_{2}$, etc., or biological such as virus.</p> <ul> <li>A mutagen can induce mutation by inducing, a change in the base sequence by insertion deletion or substitution.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-38"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>E.g., a single base sequence substitution at the sixth codon of the $\beta$-globin gene changes the codon from GAG to GUG.</li> <li>This results in the substitution of glutamic acid (Glu) by valine (Val) at the sixth position of the $\beta$-globin chain of the haemoglobin molecule.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-39"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>The mutant haemoglobin molecule undergoes polymerisation under low oxygen tension causing the change in the shape of the RBC from biconcave disc to the elongated sickle, i.e., like structure which is not functional.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> </div>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-1"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> In a Mendelian monohybrid cross, the $\mathrm{F}_{2}$-generation shows identical genotypic and phenotypic ratios.</p> <ul> <li>What does it tell us about the nature of alleles involved?</li> <li>Justify your answer.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li>In a monohybrid cross starting with parents which are homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive, $F_{1}$ would be heterozygous for the trait and would express the dominant allele.</li> <li>But in case of incomplete dominance the result will be different.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> In case of incomplete dominance, a monohybrid cross shows the result as follows</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-092.jpg?height=396&width=860&top_left_y=1750&top_left_x=410"></p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-5"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Here, the phenotypic and genotypic both ratios are the same.</li> <li>So, we can conclude that when genotypic and phenotypic ratios are the same, alleles show incomplete dominance, i.e., none of the two alleles shows dominance thus producing hybrid intermediate from the expression of two homozygous alleles.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-6"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Can a child have blood group ’ O ’ if his parents have blood group ‘A’ and ‘B’ Explain.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-7"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li>The child with blood group $O$ will have homozygous recessive alleles.</li> <li>Therefore, both the parents should be heterozygous, i.e., genotype of father will be $I^{A} i$, or $I^{B} i$ and of mother will be $I^{A}$ i or $I^{B}$ i.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> A child have blood group $\mathrm{O}$ in the following two cases</p> <ul> <li>Case I When father is $\mathrm{I}^{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{i}$ and mother is $\mathrm{I}^{\mathrm{B}} \mathrm{i}$.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-9"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-093.jpg?height=390&width=771&top_left_y=684&top_left_x=459"></p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-10"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>The offsprings will have the above possible blood groups, i.e., $A B, A, B$ and $O$</p> </li> <li> <p>Case II When father is $\mathrm{I}^{\mathrm{B}} \mathrm{i}$ and mother is $\mathrm{I}^{\mathrm{A}} \mathrm{i}$.</p> </li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-11"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-093.jpg?height=388&width=767&top_left_y=1149&top_left_x=461"></p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-12"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>The offsprings will have the above possible blood groups, i.e., $A B, A, B$ and $O$.</li> <li>Thus, a child can have blood group ’ $O$ ’ if parents have heterozygous alleles for group ’ $A$ ’ and ’ $B$ ‘.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-13"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> What is Down’s syndrome?</p> <ul> <li>Give its symptoms and cause.</li> <li>Why is it that the chances of having a child with Down’s syndrome increases if the age of the mother exceeds forty years?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-14"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Down’s syndrome is a human genetic disorder caused due to trisomy of chromosome number 21.</p> <ul> <li>Such individuals are aneuploid and have 41 chromosomes, i.e., $(2 n+1)$</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-15"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Symptoms of down’s syndrome are</li> </ul> <p>(i) Mental retardation</p> <p>(ii) Growth abnormalities</p> <p>(iii) Constantly open mouth</p> <p>(iv) Dwarfness, etc., gonads and genitalia under developed</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-16"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>The reason for the disorder is the non-disjunction (failure to separate) of homologous chromosome (a pair 21 during meiotic division.</li> <li>The chances of having a child with Down’s syndrome increases with the age of the mother $(+40)$ because age adversely affects meiotic chromosome behaviour.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-17"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Meiosis in the egg cells is not completed, until after fertilisation.</li> <li>During this long gap (till meiosis is not completed) egg cells are arrested in prophase I and chromosomes are unpaired.</li> <li>The greater the time they remain upaired greater the chance for unpairing and chromosome non-disjunction.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-18"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> How was it concluded that genes are located on chromosomes?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-19"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Chromosome theory of inheritance was proposed by <strong>Sutton</strong> and <strong>Boveri</strong> independently in 1902.</p> <ul> <li>The theory believes that chromosomes are vehicles of heriditary information, possess Mendelian factors or genes and it is the chromosomes which segregate and assort independently during transmission from one generation to the next.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-20"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> A plant with red flowers was crossed with another plant with yellow flowers.</p> <ul> <li>If F1 showed all flowers orange in colour, explain the inheritance.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Principle of Inheritance and Variations</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-21"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li>If any of the alleles does not fully dominate in a heterozygous condition, it is called incomplete dominance.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>