<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> </div>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-1"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> In view of the current food crisis, it is said, that we need another green revolution.</p> <ul> <li>Highlight the major limitations of the earlier green revolution.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Major limitations of the earlier green revolution are as follows</p> <p>(i) Generally undesired characters also breed along with desired ones</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p>(ii) Regular use of fertilisers affected both soil fertility and quality.</p> <p>(iii) Extensive use of pesticides/insecticides/weedicides resulted in harmful effects on the natural components of the ecosystem.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>So, another green revolution that can curb these problems and enhance the quality food production in limited land resources is certainly required.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-5"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Expand GMO.</p> <ul> <li>How is it different from a hybrid?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> <span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-6"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism that contains one or more genes from an entirely different species and is genetically altered during molecular genetics such as gene cloning, protein engineering etc.</p> <ul> <li>On the other hand, hybrids contains the recombinant genome of different alleles present in the population of the same species,</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-7"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Differentiate between diagnostics and therapeutics.</p> <ul> <li>Give one example and for each category.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> A diagnostic technique helps us to identify a disease, e.g., ELISA for HIV.</p> <ul> <li>A therapeutic agent on the other hand helps in the treatment of a disease, e.g., antibiotics for bacterial infections</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-9"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Give the full form of ELISA.</p> <ul> <li>Which disease can be detected using it? Discuss the principle underlying the test.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-10"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> <strong>ELISA</strong> stands for Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay.</p> <ul> <li> <p>It is used for the detection of (HIV) AIDS disease.</p> </li> <li> <p>ELISA is based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction.</p> </li> <li> <p>Infection by pathogen can be detected by the presence of antigens (proteins, glycoprotieins, etc.) or by detecting the antibodies synthesised by the host against the pathogen.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-11"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Can a disease be detected before its symtoms appear? Explain the principle involved.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-12"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> When the symptoms of the disease are not yet visible,the pathogen concentration is very low so, the detection by conventional diagnostic tests is very difficult.</p> <ul> <li>However, detection of a disease before the appearance of symptoms is possible by the amplification of victim’s nucleic acid by PCR.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-13"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>The principle involved here is that a single DNA molecule can be copied endlessly in a test tube using primers, DNA polymerase enzyme and free nucleotides.</li> <li>The desired DNA of the pathogen is amplified by PCR from a limited amount of DNA template.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-14"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Write a short note on biopiracy highlighting the exploitation of developing countries by the developed countries.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-15"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Biopiracy is the term used to refer the use of bio-resources by the multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and from the people concerned without compensatory payment.</p> <ul> <li>Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in biodiversity and traditional knowledge.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-16"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>In contrast, the developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to bio-resources.</p> </li> <li> <p>So, sometimes industrialised nations tend to exploit the resources or biodiversity of developing nations, for their own advantages.</p> </li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-17"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Many proteins are secreted in their inactive form.</p> <ul> <li>This is also true to many toxic proteins produced by microorganisms.</li> <li>Explain how the mechanism is useful for the organism producing the toxin?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-18"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Many proteins including certain toxins are secreted in their inactive form.</p> <ul> <li>They get activated only when exposed to a specific trigger ( $\mathrm{pH}$, temperature etc.).</li> <li>This mechanism is advantageous to the organism (e.g., bacteria) producing the toxins, as the bacteria does not get killed by the action of proteins present in the toxin.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-19"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> While creating genetically modified organisms, genetic barriers are not respected.</p> <ul> <li>How can this be dangerous in the long run?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-20"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Genetic modification of organisms can have unpredictable results when such organisms are introduced into the ecosystem.</p> <ul> <li>Because the real effects of gene manipulation are visible only when such organisms interact with other components and organisms of the ecosystem.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-21"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Why has the Indian parliament cleared the second amendment of the country’s patents bill?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-22"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Amendments to the patent bill has empowered India to prevent unauthorised exploitation of our bio-resources and traditional knowledge by other countries.</p> <ul> <li>This bill also considers patent terms and initiated research development in this field.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-23"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Give any two reasons why the patent on Basmati should not have gone to an American Company.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-24"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> The patent on Basmati should not have gone to an American Company, because of the following reasons</p> <p>(i) The Basmati rice variety has been grown in India since time immemorial.</p> <ul> <li>Traditionally, it belongs to India.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-25"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p>(ii) The new variety of Basmati that got patent rights to an American Company is actually derived from ‘Indian farmers variety’.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-26"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> How was insulin obtained before the advent of $r$ DNA technology? What were the problems encountered?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-27"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Insulin is used for diabetes treatment and it was earlier extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs.</p> <ul> <li>This insulin caused some patients to develop allergy or other types of reactions to the foreign protein.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-28"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> With respect to understanding diseases, discuss the importance of transgenic animal models.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-29"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <font size ="6"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Transgenic animals are important in the following fields</p> <p>(i) They are being used in basic science research to elucidate, the role of genes in the development of diseases like cancer, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and alzheimer’s.</p> <p>(ii) They are valuable tools in the drug development process itself.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-30"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p>(iii) They can produce medicines or human proteins (insulin, growth hormone, etc.) in large quantities.</p> <p>(iv) Transgenics can be a source of transplant organs as well.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-31"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Name the first transgenic cow.</p> <ul> <li>Which gene was introduced in this cow?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-32"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Rosie was the name of first transgenic cow.</p> <ul> <li>Gene for human alpha lactalbumin was introduced in its genes, which made the milk nutritionally more balanced than normal cow milk.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-33"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> PCR is a useful tool for early diagnosis of an infectious disease.</p> <ul> <li>Elaborate.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-34"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> PCR is a very sensitive technique which enables the amplification of desired DNA from a limited amount of DNA template.</p> <ul> <li>Hence, it can detect the presence of an infectious organism in the infected patient at an early stage of infection (even before the infectious organism has multiplied to large number).</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-35"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> What is GEAC and what are its objectives?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-36"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) is an Indian Government Organisation.</p> <ul> <li>Its objectives include</li> </ul> <p>(i) Examine the validity of Genetic Modification (GM) of organism research.</p> <p>(ii) Inspect the safety of introducing GMO for public services.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-37"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> For which variety of Indian rice, the patent was filed by a USA company?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-38"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Indian Basmati rice was crossed with semi-dwarf variety and was claimed as a new variety for which the patent was field by a USA company.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-39"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Discuss the advantages of GMO.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-40"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Advantages of GMO are</p> <p>(i) GMO food crops have shorter growing cycles, greater resistance to both insects and diseases, higher yields and higher nutritional value.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryvery-short-answer-type-questionsprimary-41"><Primary>Very Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p>(ii) GMO animals have increased production and nutritive values, e.g., GM, cows may produce more milk.</p> <p>(iii) The World Health Organisation or WHO, claims that GMO plants and animals may allow food prices to drop as food sources become more abundant.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Very short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> </div>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-1"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Gene expression can be controlled with the help of RNA.</p> <ul> <li>Explain the method with an example.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> RNAi technology is used to block the expression of certain genes and also referred to as gene silencing.</p> <ul> <li>During this process, a complementary RNA to the mRNA being produced by the gene is introduced into the cell.</li> <li>This RNA binds to the mRNA making it double stranded and therefore, stops the process of translation.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>E.g., a nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plants which reduces the production of tobacco.</p> </li> <li> <p>It can be prevented by using RNA interference (RNAi) process which is checked by silencing of specific $m R N A$ due to a complementary dsRNA.</p> </li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>dsRNA binds and prevents the translation of mRNA (silencing).</li> <li>By using Agrobacterium vectors, Nematode-specific genes were introduced into the host plants which produces both sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-5"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>These two RNAs are complementary to each other and form a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that initiates RNAi and hence, silence the specific mRNA of the nematode.</li> <li>The parasite cannot survive in transgenic host and so prevents the plants from pests.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-6"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Ignoring our traditional knowledge can be prove costly in the area of biological patenting.</p> <ul> <li>Justify.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-7"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Human communities have always generated, refined and passed on the knowledge from generation to generation.</p> <ul> <li>Such knowledge is called traditional knowledge and is often an important part of the cultural identities.</li> <li>A number of cases relating to traditional knowledge have attracted international attention.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>As a result, the issue of traditional knowledge has been brought to the general debate surrounding intellectual property.</li> <li>These cases involve, what is often referred to as ‘biopiracy’.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-9"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>The examples of turmeric and neem (Indian traditional herbal medicine) illustrates the issues that can arise when patent protection is granted to inventions relating to traditiona knowledge which is already in the public domain.</li> <li>In these cases, invalid patents were issued because the patent examiners were not aware or the relevant traditional knowledge.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-10"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>E.g., India is one of the country possessing the richest diversity of rice (2000 varieties) Basmati rice is distinct for its unique aroma and flavour and 27 documented varieties of Basmati are grown in India.</li> <li>There is reference to Basmati in ancient texts, folklore and poetry, as it has been grown for centuries.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-11"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>In 1997, an American company Rice teen.</li> <li>Got patent rights on Basmati rice through the US patent and Trademark Office.</li> <li>This allowed the company to sell a ’new’ variety of Basmati, in the US and abroad.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-12"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>This ’new’ variety of Basmati had actually been derived from Indian farmer’s varieties.</li> <li>Indian Basmati was crossed with semi-dwarf varieties and claimed as an invention or a novelty.</li> <li>The patent extends to functional equivalents, implying that other people selling Basmati rice could be restricted by the patent.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-13"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>If we are not vigilant and we do not immediately counter these patent applications, other countries/individuals may encash on our rich legacy and we may not be able to do anything about it.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology and Its Applications</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-14"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>However, India achieved success in contesting patent for Basmati, rice as on September 2000 Rice teen withdraw the claims contested by India.</li> <li>Therefore, ignoring our traditional knowledge, can be proved costly in the area of biological patenting.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>