<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p> <ul> <li>Bacterial transformation is the process by which bacterial cells take up naked DNA molecules (exogenous or foreign DNA).</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-1"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> The experiment will not likely to be affected as recombinant DNA molecule is circular and closed, with no free ends.</p> <ul> <li>Hence, it will not be a substrate for exonuclease enzyme which removes nucleotides from the free ends of DNA.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Restriction enzymes that are used in the construction of recombinant DNA are endonucleases which cut the DNA at ‘specific’-recognition sequence? What would be the disadvantage if they do not cut the DNA at specific-recognition sequence?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> If the restriction enzymes would cut DNA at random sites instead of at specific sites, then the DNA fragments obtained will not have ‘sticky ends’.</p> <ul> <li>In the absence of sticky ends, construction of recombinant DNA molecule would not be possible.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> A plasmid DNA and a linear DNA (both are of the same size) have one site for a restriction endonuclease.</p> <ul> <li>When cut and separated on agarose gel electrophoresis, plasmid shows one DNA b and, while linear DNA shows two fragments.</li> <li>Explain.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-5"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> When a plasmid DNA and a linear DNA having one site for a restriction endonuclease are cut and separated, plasmid shows one DNA band, while linear DNA shows two band because of difference in their basic structure.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-6"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Plasmid is a circular DNA molecule and when cut with these enzyme, it becomes linear but does not get fragmented due to presence of only one restriction site, whereas a linear DNA molecule gets cut into two fragment.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-7"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> How does one visualise DNA on an agarose gel?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> A compound called ethidium bromide stains DNA, which on exposure with ultra-violet, (uv) radiation gives orange light band of DNA.</p> <ul> <li>Hence, DNA fragments appear as orange band in the presence of ethidium bromide and UV light.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-9"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> A plasmid without a selectable marker was choosen as vector for cloning a gene.</p> <ul> <li>How does this affect the experiment?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-10"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> In a gene cloning experiment, first a recombinant DNA molecule is constructed, where the gene of interest is ligated to the vector (the step would not be affected) and introduced inside the host cell (transformation)</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-11"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Since, not all the cells get transformed with the recombinant/plasmid DNA, in the absence of selectable marker, it will be difficult to distinguish between transformants and non-transformant, because role of selectable marker is in the selection of transformants.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-12"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> A mixture of fragmented DNA was electrophoresed in an agarose gel.</p> <ul> <li>After staining the gel with ethidium bromide, no DNA bands were observed.</li> <li>What could be the reason?</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-13"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> The reasons are as follows</p> <p>(i) DNA sample that was loaded on the gel may have got contaminated with nuclease (exo or endo both) and completely degraded.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-14"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p>(ii) Electrodes were put in opposite orientation in the gel assembly that is anode towards the wells (where DNA sample is loaded).</p> <ul> <li>Since, DNA molecules are negatively charged, they move towards anode and hence, move out of the gel instead of moving into the matrix of gel.</li> </ul> <p>(iii) Ethidium bromide was not added at all or was not added in sufficient concentration and so DNA was not visible.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-15"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Describe the role of $\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}$ in the preparation of competent cells?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-16"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> $\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}$ is known to increase the efficiency of DNA uptake to produce transformed bacterial cells.</p> <ul> <li>The divalent $\mathrm{Ca}^{+2}$ ions create transient pores on the bacterial cell wall by which the entry of foreign DNA is facilitated into the bacterial cells.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-17"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> What would happen when one grows a recombinant bacterium in the bioreactor but forget to add antibiotic to the medium in which the recombinant is growing?</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-18"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> In the absence of antibiotic, there will be no pressure on recombinants to retain the plasmid (containing the gene of our interest).</p> <ul> <li>Since, maintaining a high copy number of plasmids is a metabolic burden to the microbial cells, it will thus tend to loose the plasmid.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-19"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Identify and explain $A, B$ and $C$ in the PCR diagram given below.</p> <p><Success>Ques. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-20"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-207.jpg?height=695&width=672&top_left_y=385&top_left_x=504"></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-21"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> <strong>Region to be amplified</strong></p> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-207.jpg?height=733&width=747&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=464"></p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-22"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>In PCR, each cycle has three steps</li> </ul> <p>(i) <strong>Denaturation of DNA Sample</strong> Unwinding of two strand of DNA by heating the sample at $92-94^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.</p> <p>(ii) <strong>Primer Annealing</strong> Primers get positioned on the exposed nucleotides as per base pairing rules.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-23"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p>(iii) <strong>Extension of Primers</strong> DNA polymerase recognises primers as ‘start’ tags and begins to extend the primers using the free nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as template.</p> <ul> <li>With each round of reactions, the DNA doubles.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-24"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Name the regions marked $A, B$ and $C$.</p> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-208.jpg?height=295&width=354&top_left_y=380&top_left_x=663"></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-25"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> <strong>Region</strong> A Bam $\mathrm{HI}$</p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Region</strong> $B$ Pot I</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Region</strong> $\mathrm{C}$ amp $^{R}$.</p> </li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-26"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li> <p>E. coli cloning vector pBR322 showing restriction sites (Hind III, Eco RI, Bam HI, Sal I, Pvu II, Pst I, Cla I), Ori and antibiotic resistance genes $\left(\mathrm{amp}^{\mathrm{R}}\right.$ and $\left.\mathrm{tet}^{\mathrm{R}}\right)$.</p> </li> <li> <p>Rop codes for the proteins involved in the replication of the plasmid.</p> </li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-27"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-208.jpg?height=290&width=359&top_left_y=939&top_left_x=660"></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Short answer type questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> </div>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-1"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> For selection of recombinants, insertional inactivation of antibiotic marker has been supercoded by insertional inactivation of a marker gene coding for a chromogenic substrate.</p> <ul> <li>Give reasons.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> In selection of recombinants due to inactivation of antibiotics, the transformed cells are first plated on the antibiotic plate which has not been insertionally inactivated (i.e., ampicillin) and incubated overnight for growth of transformants.</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-3"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>For selection of recombinants, these transformants are replica-plated on second antibiotic (say, tetracycline) plate (which got inactivated due to insertion of gene).</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Non-recombinants grow on both the plates (one carrying ampicillin and the other carrying tetracycline) while recombinants will grow only on ampicillin plate.</li> <li>This entire exercise is labourious and takes more time (two overnight incubation) as well.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-5"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>However, if we choose insertional inactivation of a marker that produces colour in the presence of a chromogenic compound, we can distinguish between the recombinants and non-recombinants on a single medium plate (containing one antibiotic and the chromogenic compound) after overnight growth.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-6"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Describe the role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in transforming a plant cell.</p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-7"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> A soil-inhabiting, plant pathogenic bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, infects broad-leaved crops including tomato, soyabean, sunflower and cotton, but not the cereals.</p> <ul> <li>It causes tumours called <strong>crown galls</strong>.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Tumour formation is induced by its plasmid, which is, therefore called <strong>Ti-plasmid</strong> (Ti for tumour inducing).</li> <li>The Ti-plasmid integrates a segment of its DNA, termed T-DNA, into the chromosomal DNA of its host plant cells.</li> <li>The T-DNA causes tumours.</li> <li>As gene transfer occurs without human effort, the bacterium is known as <strong>natural genetic engineer</strong> of plants.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-9"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Plant molecular biologists have started using Ti-plasmids as vectors to transfer foreign genes of interest into the target plant cells.</li> <li>They use a version of the plasmid from which tumour forming gene has been eliminated.</li> <li>The transformed bacteria do not cause disease, but still deliver genes of interest into a variety of plants.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-10"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ques.</strong> Illustrate the design of a bioreactor.</p> <ul> <li>Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-11"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><strong>Ans.</strong> Bioreactors are vessels of large volumes (100-1000 L) in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products.</p> <ul> <li>The most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type, which are shown in figure.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-12"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-209.jpg?height=386&width=457&top_left_y=1213&top_left_x=306"></p> <p>(a)</p> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-13"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <p><img src="https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2024_01_24_136af43fdd62bf9dcffdg-209.jpg?height=378&width=613&top_left_y=1217&top_left_x=797"></p> <p>(b)</p> <p><strong>(a) Simple stirred-tank bioreactor</strong></p> <p><strong>(b) Sparged stirred-tank bioreactor through which sterile air bubbles are sparged</strong></p> <ul> <li>A stirred-tank reactor is usually cylindrical or with a curved base to facilitate the mixing of the reactor contents.</li> <li>The stirrer facilitates even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor.</li> <li>Alternatively air can be bubbled through the reactor.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-14"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>If you look at the figure closely you will see that the bioreactor has an agitator system, an oxygen delivery system and a form control system, a temperature control system, $\mathrm{pH}$ control system and sampling ports so, that small volumes of the culture can be withdrawn periodically.</li> </ul> <p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>

<div style='text-align : center'> <Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success> </div> <h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-15"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4> <hr> <div class="text-container"> <ul> <li>Small volume cultures are usually employed in laboratories in a flask for research and production of less quantities of products.</li> <li>However, large scale production of the products is carried out in bioreactors.</li> </ul> </font> </div> <hr> <font size ="4"> <div style='text-align : center'> Multiple choice questions (MCQs) $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Long answer type questions</span> </div> </font>