Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

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<Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-11"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> Transduction is the process by which genetic material (DNA) is transferred from one bacterium to another through the mediation of a vector, like virus.</p>
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<li>Other option are incorrect because bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material (plasmid) between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.</li>
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<p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p>
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<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-19"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> The restriction enzymes are called ‘molecular scissors’ and are responsible for cutting DNA.</p>
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<p>Restriction enzymes belong to a class of enzymes called nucleases.</p>
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<p>They are of two types</p>
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<p>(i) <strong>Exonucleases</strong> Cut DNA at the ends</p>
<p>(ii) <strong>Endonucleases</strong> Make cuts at specific positions within the DNA.</p>
<p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p>
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<div style='text-align : center'>
<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-20"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<p>These enzymes are present in bacteria to provide a type of defense mechanism called the ‘restriction modification system’.</p>
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<p>This system consist of two components, restriction enzyme and modification enzyme.</p>
</li>
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<p>The term ‘restriction’ refer to the function of these enzyme in restricting the propagation of foreign DNA of bacteriophage in host bacterium, i.e., cutting of DNA, at specific position only.</p>
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<div style='text-align : center'>
<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
</div>
</font>

<div style='text-align : center'>
<Success><font size="5"><b>Biotechnology Principles and Processes</b></font></Success>
</div>
<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-46"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
<hr>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> Selectable markers help in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants.</p>
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<p>The normal $E$. coli cells do not carry resistance against any of these antibiotics.</p>
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<p>Competant bacterial cells are made capable to take foreign DNA with chemical treatment, e.g., calcium chloride.</p>
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<p>Note In process of transformation, a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium.</p>
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<hr>
<font size ="4">
<div style='text-align : center'>
<span style="color:blue">Multiple choice questions (MCQs)</span> $\rightarrow$ Very short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Short answer type questions $\rightarrow$ Long answer type questions
</div>
</font>