Chapter 1 Part 4: Reproduction in Organisms

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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<th style="text-align:left">Ovary</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Fruit</th>
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<td style="text-align:left">Ovule</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Seed</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">Ovary wall</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Pericarp (epicarp+mesocarp +  endocarp)</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">Integument</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Seed coat (testa+tegmen)</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">Funicle of the ovule</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Stalk of the seed</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">Micropyle</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Seed pore</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-2"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> In pea, fruit is legume.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The pea pod is developed from monocarpellary, unilocular and half superior ovary.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>At maturity, the fruit splits along the dorsal and ventral sutures and discharge its seeds.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In gynoecium with single carpel, ovules are always attached to the ventral suture.</p>
</li>
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<p>This results in the fruit with marginal placentation.</p>
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<li>
<p>Thus, the seeds are arranged in a row in legume (pea) pod.</p>
</li>
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<p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-4"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>In tomato, the fruit is berry.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It is fleshy fruit develop from superior or inferior ovary.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In this, the margins of the carpels grow inward to the centre of the ovary dividing the central chamber into compartments called locules.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>So that, the ovules are arranged radially on the axis, attached by placenta that is called axial placentation.</p>
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<p>That’s the reason the seeds are embedded in the juicy pulp.</p>
</li>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primaryshort-answer-type-questionsprimary-8"><Primary>Short Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<li>The two dissimilarities between these (zoospore and conidium) are as follows</li>
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<th style="text-align:left">Zoospore   (Found usually in Algae)</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Conidium   (Found usually in Fungi)</th>
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<td style="text-align:left">Flagellated</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Non-flagellated</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">Formed inside a sporangium   (endogenously)</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Formed at the tip of conidiophores   (exogenously)</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> In flowering plants, the units of vegetative reproduction such as runners, stolons, suckers, offsets, rhizome, corm, tuber, etc., are capable of giving rise to new offsprings.</p>
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<li>
<p>These structures are called vegetative propagules.</p>
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<p>In all these plants the formation of these structures does not involve two parents, the process involved is asexual.</p>
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<p>So, it can be said that vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction.</p>
</li>
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<p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> The differences between asexual and sexual reproduction are mentioned below</p>
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<th style="text-align:center">Asexual Reproduction</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Sexual Reproduction</th>
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<td style="text-align:center">Uniparental</td>
<td style="text-align:center">Biparental</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">Somatic cells are involved.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">Germ cells are involved.</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">It involves the production of asexual spores</td>
<td style="text-align:center">It involves the formation and fusion of gametes.</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<th style="text-align:center">Asexual Reproduction</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Sexual Reproduction</th>
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<td style="text-align:center">Offsprings are genetically similar to parents.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">Offsprings are genetically dissimilar to parents.</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">The rate of reproduction is faster.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">The rate of reproduction is slower.</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p>(iii) <strong>Fragmentation</strong> In this type of asexual reproduction, the parent body breaks into two or more fragment.</p>
<ul>
<li>Each body fragment develops into an organism, e.g., sponges, Selaginella.</li>
</ul>
<p>(iv) <strong>Gemmule</strong> In this type of asexual reproduction, internal buds, called gemmules are involved.</p>
<ul>
<li>Gemmules are asexually reproduced mass of cells, that is capable of developing into a new organism e.g., sponges.</li>
</ul>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p>(v) <strong>Sporulation</strong> In this type of asexual reproduction, dispersive structures called spores are released from the parent body that germinate under favourable conditions form new individuals.</p>
<p>(a) Motile spores are called <strong>zoospores</strong> and are found in aquatic animals e.g., Albugo, Chlamydomonas.</p>
<p>(b) Non-motile spores are named as <strong>sporangiospores</strong> (e.g., Rhizopus, Mucor) and conidia e.g., Penicillium.</p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarylong-answer-type-questionsprimary-11"><Primary>Long Answer Type Questions</Primary></h4>
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<p>(a) A haploid parent like Monera, fungi, algae and bryophytes produce gametes by mitotic division.</p>
<ul>
<li>The number of chromosomes, i.e., the genetic composition remain same after such type of division.</li>
</ul>
<p>(b) The diploid parent like pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of the animals including human beings produces gametes by meiosis.</p>
<ul>
<li>In such organisms (diploid), specialised cells called meiocytes (gamete mother cell) undergo meiosis</li>
</ul>
<p><Success>Ans. to be continued</Success></p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> Following are the three reasons for the mode of sexual reproduction in higher group of organisms</p>
<p>(i) The sexual mode of reproduction ensures creation of new variants.</p>
<p>(ii) Genetically varied offsprings are produced that adapt to changes in environment and survive in all climatic conditions.</p>
<p>(iii) Sexual reproduction ensures the genetic recombination that results in variation which gives rise to evolution.</p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Ans.</strong> The differences between oestrus and menstrual cycle are as follows</p>
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<th style="text-align:left">Oestrus cycle</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Menstrual cycle</th>
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<td style="text-align:left">The cyclic changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase of non-primate mammals is called oestrus cycle</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The cyclic changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase of primate mammals is called menstrual cycle.</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<th style="text-align:left">Oestrus cycle</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Menstrual cycle</th>
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<td style="text-align:left">Females show strong irresistible sexual urge.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Females do not show irresistible sexual</td>
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<td style="text-align:left">There is estrus/heat production at the time of ovulation and copulation occurs only at that period.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">There is no heat period and copulation occurs during any time of the cycle.</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<th style="text-align:left">Oestrus cycle</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Menstrual cycle</th>
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<td style="text-align:left">The shedding of endometrium and bleeding do not occur e.g., cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs and tigers etc.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">The shedding of endometrium and bleeding occurs e.g., monkeys, apes and humans.</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p>(b) The differences between ovipary and vivipary are as follows</p>
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<th style="text-align:center">Ovipary</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Vivipary</th>
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<td style="text-align:center">In ovipary, animals lay eggs.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">+ In vivipary, animals give birth to young ones.</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">The eggs are covered by hard calcareous shell.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">+ Ovum are not covered by calcareous shell.</td>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<th style="text-align:center">Ovipary</th>
<th style="text-align:center">Vivipary</th>
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<td style="text-align:center">Females lay eggs in a safe place in the environment, but the chances of survival are less</td>
<td style="text-align:center">Females deliver young ones and the chances of survival are more.</td>
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<td style="text-align:center">e.g., all birds, most of reptiles are egg laying mammals.</td>
<td style="text-align:center">e.g., mammals except monotremes egg laying mammals.</td>
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