Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> In both types of reproduction (asexual and sexual) there is transfer of genetic material from parent (s) to their young ones which have some resemblances with their parents.</p>
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<p><strong>Reduction division</strong> (meiosis) has to occur if a diploid body has to produce haploid gametes that is in case of sexual reproduction only.</p>
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<p><strong>Gametic fusion</strong> The formation of male and female gametes and their fusion to form the zygote also takes place only in the sexual reproduction.</p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> The offsprings that are produced as a result of asexual reproduction are not only identical to one another but are also exact copies of their parent.</p>
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<li>So, such individuals are called clones.</li>
<li>While, in the case of sexual reproduction DNA of both parents (i.e., male and female gametes) is copied and passed on to the offspring after fusion.</li>
<li>The offspring, thus formed do not possess exact copies of parental DNA.</li>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> Unicellular organisms, have relatively simple organisations.</p>
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<p>So, the asexual mode of reproduction is common in them.</p>
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<p>It is so because by asexual reproduction unicellular organisms can multiply very fast.</p>
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<p>In Amoeba it occurs by binary fission and in yeast by budding to be described first.</p>
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<p>In the sexual reproduction, both male and female gametes have to fuse, while in asexual reproduction, cell division takes place.</p>
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<p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female gametes either by the same individual (e.g., Taenia) or by different individuals of the opposite sex (e.g., rabbit).</p>
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<li>These gametes fuse to form the zygote which develops to form the new organism.</li>
<li>Meiosis (reduction division) occurs only during sexual reproduction to produce haploid gametes.</li>
<li>It is internal fertilisation which occurs during sexual reproduction.</li>
<li>In this type egg is formed inside the female body where they fuse with the male gamete.</li>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Ques.</strong> A multicellular, filamentous alga exhibits a type of sexual life cycle in which the meiotic division occurs after the formation of zygote.</p>
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<li>The adult filament of this alga has</li>
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<p class="fragment">(a) Haploid vegetative cells and diploid gametangia <br>
(b) Diploid vegetative cells and diploid gametangia <br>
(c) Diploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia <br>
(d) Haploid vegetative cells and haploid gametangia </p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> In female gamete the chromosome number will be same as that of the male gamete (12).</p>
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<p>A zygote is a fertilised egg/seed which means gametes from the parents have been combined (diploid) and thus, the chromosome number will be 24 (2n).</p>
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<p>A seedling is a young plant sporophyte developing out of a plant embryo from a seed.</p>
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<p>So, the chromosome number in the cells of the seedlings will be $24(2 n)$, which will further give rise to new diploid individual.</p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> External fertilisation occurs outside the body of the organism.</p>
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<p>It takes place in most aquatic organisms, such as a majority of algae and fishes as well as amphibians.</p>
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<p>Organisms exhibiting external fertilisation release a large number of gametes in the surrounding medium, (e.g., water) in order to enhance the chances of syngamy.</p>
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<p>A major disadvantage is that the offspring are extremely vulnerable to predators threatening their survival upto adulthood.</p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Ques.</strong> Which of the following situations correctly describe the similarity between an angiospermic egg and a human egg?</p>
<p>I. Eggs of both are formed only once in a lifetime.</p>
<p>II. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are stationary.</p>
<p>III. Both the angiosperm egg and human egg are motile transported.</p>
<p>IV. Syngamy in both results in the formation of zygote.</p>
<p><Success>Ques. to be continued</Success></p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<h4 id="primarymultiple-choice-questions-mcqsprimary-39"><Primary>Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)</Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Sol.</strong> In case of many terrestrial organisms (including both angiosperms and humans) which exhibit internal fertilisation, syngamy occurs inside the body of the organism to form zygote.</p>
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<li>Both the angiosperm and human remains reproductively active throughout their reproductive phase.</li>
<li>It means the formation of egg takes place not only once but many times in a lifetime.</li>
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<p><Success>Sol. to be continued</Success></p>
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<Success><font size="5"><b>Reproduction in Organisms</b></font></Success>
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<p><strong>Thinking Process</strong></p>
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<li>All living things are identified and categorised on the basis of their body design (structuce and function).</li>
<li>When we connect this idea of classification to evolution we will find some organisms which have ancient body designs and have not changed much, while the other groups have acquired their particular body designs relatively recently.</li>
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<p><Success>Thinking Process to be continued</Success></p>
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