cx-Biotechnology-and-its-applications-full-edited.hi

<h4 id="success-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size28pxbbiotechnology-and-its-applicationsbsuccess-65"><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"><b>BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS</b></Success></h4>
<h4 id="primary-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size24px-bshort-answer-type-questions-b-primary-1"><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <b>SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS </b> </Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Solution :</strong></p>
<p>Gene expression can be controlled with the help of RNA by a method known as RNA interference (i.e., RNAi) in which a gene is “knocked out’’ and the cellular mechanism is degraded. The specific mRNA gene is silenced by binding a complementary double-stranded RNA (i.e., dsRNA) to the mRNA, which inhibits the translation process. For example, the Agrobacterium vector forms a complementary dsRNA with the nematode genes and inhibits translation, and the nematode infection gene expression doesn’t occur.</p>
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<h4 id="success-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size28pxbbiotechnology-and-its-applicationsbsuccess-95"><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"><b>BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS</b></Success></h4>
<h4 id="primary-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size24px-blong-answer-questions-b-primary-1"><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <b>LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS </b> </Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Solution :</strong></p>
<p>ADA (i.e., adenosine deaminase) deficiency is a genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a gene for adenosine deaminase synthesis which leads to the deficiency of the ADA enzyme in the body, which causes damage to the immune system. It can be cured by bone marrow transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy. These do not cure the deficiency completely. Another approach is like growing lymphocytes outside the body of the patient in cell culture and using a functional ADA complementary DNA (i.e., cDNA) in those lymphocytes. If this procedure is done at an embryonic stage, then it can be cured permanently.</p>
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<h4 id="success-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size28pxbbiotechnology-and-its-applicationsbsuccess-99"><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"><b>BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS</b></Success></h4>
<h4 id="primary-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size24px-blong-answer-questions-b-primary-5"><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <b>LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS </b> </Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Solution :</strong><br>
Step 1 Isolation of useful gene by using restriction endonuclease enzymes<br>
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Step 2: Transferring the isolated gene to a suitable vector to create a recombinant DNA molecule<br>
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Step 3: Transfering the recombinant DNA molecule into the target cell<br>
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Step 4: Screening of cells for obtaining the transformed cells and discarding the untransformed cell.<br>
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Step 5: Selection of the required transformed cell<br>
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Step 6: Regeneration of the plants from the transformed cells to get a transgenic plant.</p>
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<h4 id="success-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size28pxbbiotechnology-and-its-applicationsbsuccess-101"><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"><b>BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS</b></Success></h4>
<h4 id="primary-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size24px-blong-answer-questions-b-primary-7"><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <b>LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS </b> </Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Solution :</strong><br>
The five areas where biotechnology has influenced our lives are:<br></p>
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<p>Therapeutics and Diagnostic tool: There are methods which treat adenosine deaminase deficiency, and rDNA technology is used for the production of Insulin and Human Growth Hormone (HGH). PCR (i.e., Polymerase Chain Reaction) is widely used as a diagnostic tool for disease detection and methods like gene therapy are used.</p>
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<p>Genetically modified plants and animals: Transgenic animals are one of the kinds of modified organisms which is used to get more products like milk from cows, wool from sheep etc.</p>
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<p>Forensic and paternity tests: Biotechnological methods like DNA fingerprinting have helped in solving crime cases and the determination of genetic parents.</p>
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<h4 id="success-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size28pxbbiotechnology-and-its-applicationsbsuccess-104"><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"><b>BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS</b></Success></h4>
<h4 id="primary-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size24px-blong-answer-questions-b-primary-10"><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <b>LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS </b> </Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Solution :</strong></p>
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<p>Genetically modified plants are more resistant towards abiotic stresses like climate, temperature and pH changes. Thus, the plants can grow normally in unfavourable conditions.</p>
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<p>Genetically modified plants can give more yields of products.</p>
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<p>Genetically modified plants are more resistant towards pests and insects</p>
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<p>Genetically modified plants are used for growing crops with higher nutritional values in starch, proteins, vitamins, etc.</p>
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<p>Genetically modified plants have products i.e., fruits or vegetables, with a much longer shelf life.</p>
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<h4 id="success-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size28pxbbiotechnology-and-its-applicationsbsuccess-106"><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"><b>BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS</b></Success></h4>
<h4 id="primary-stylefloatcentertext-aligncenterfont-size24px-blong-answer-questions-b-primary-12"><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <b>LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS </b> </Primary></h4>
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<p><strong>Solution :</strong></p>
<p>(a) A nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is known to cause root rot in the tobacco plant. Initially, nematocides were used to deal with this nematode. The RNA interference (RNAi) method was developed by scientists to kill the nematode by modifying the tobacco crop. Scientists introduced a host-specific double standard DNA using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.</p>
<p>(b) Golden rice is the transgenic variety of basmati rice which gives high yield and is rich in vitamin A, a β-carotene gene from the daffodil plant that was introduced into the rice plant to nutritionally enrich with vitamin A</p>
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